汉译英笔记

水语清叶

翻译课笔记，来自陆老师课件

      Lecture One

英语基本句型与汉译英
Basic English Sentence Patterns & C-E Translation



英语五种基本句型
1．S + Vi.  
2．S + Vi. + P
3．S + Vt. + O
4．S + Vt. + o + O
5．S + Vt. + O + OC


1． 利用第一句型进行翻译（主语　＋　谓语）
１） 鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。
Birds dwell in a tree by the pond,
A monk knocks at the door under the moon.
2）卧不安席，食不甘味，心摇摇如悬旌。（国策）
I do not sleep soundly, eat heartily, and my heart leaps all the time.

3）臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年；祖孙二人，相依为命。（李密）
I could not have lived till today without my grandmother, and she would not survive in her later days without me. Both my grandmother and I rely on each other so as to exist in this world.
Practice (1)
1） 浩月当空。
The moon shines brightly.
2） 日出于东而落于西。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3） 到了春天美丽的花朵开遍原野。
In spring beautiful flowers bloom in the open country.

2. 根据第二句型翻译（S+Vi+P）
１） 他直到最后都是很忠实的。
He remained faithful to the last.
２） 她渐入老境。
She is growing (or getting) old.
３） 他直到四十岁才结婚。
He remained unmarried until forty years old.
Practice (2)
1） 他生为圣徒，死为烈士。
He lived a saint, and died a martyr.
2） 鸟鸣山更幽。
It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.
3） 良药苦口利于病。
Good medicine tastes bitter (to the mouth), but is good for a disease.

３、利用第三句型进行翻译 (S + Vt. + O)
1） 我知道如何游泳。
    I know how to swim.
2）勤能补拙。
    Diligence makes up the deficiency in ability.
1) 具有"夺取"意义的动词
在具有“夺取、除去、减轻、发表”等意义的他动词后面，被夺取或除去的对象不能译成宾语，而要加一个介词“of”把对象引出来，方在句尾。
比如：
强盗抢了他的钱。
A highwayman robbed him of his money.
他们把海上的强盗一扫而光。
They cleared the sea of those robbers.


2) 具有"供给"意义的动词
具有“供给”等意义的他动词，不能直接把所供给的事物作为宾语，必须用介词with将事物引出来。只有受到供给的人或物才能成为宾语，直接接在他动词的后面
比如：
该公司提供给我们款项来做那个工程。
The company supplied us with money for the project.
委员会赐给他一张奖状。
The committee presented him with a reward.
provide somebody with
furnish … with   
load the cart with straw

3) 具有"作成"意义的动词。
具有“作成、制造”等意义的动词，句中of所引出的名词是作成什么的材料。如果改变原料本质，则用from,并用into表示成品。

比如：
他们用木头做了一张书桌。
They made a desk of wood.
那个农民用葡萄酿酒。
The farmer made wine from grapes.
The farmer made grapes into wine.
我经常愚弄他。
I often make a fool of him.
我专攻英语
I make a special study of English.
4）具有“拉、抓、拿、击、打、踢”等意义的他动词。
这些动词不把直接接受动作的人身上某一部分作为宾语，而要把那个人当作对象来说，是从大处着眼的意思，同时把身上的某个部分作为某个介词的宾语。可以采用“介词 + the +名词”的形式，把它放在宾语的后面。

比如：
他轻拍我的背。
He patted me on the back.
老人抓住了那孩子的衣领。
The old man seized the boy by the collar.
她打了他一记耳光。
She strikes him across the face.
5) 自动词用于第三句型的情况：
（1） 同源宾语
（2）含使动意义的自动词
（3）接介词
（4）加补足词。
Practice (4)
我做了一个怪梦。
I dreamed a strange dream.
我慢慢地把马赶上了山。
I slowly walked my horse up the hill.
她年轻时，好多男人追她。
She was much run after in her youth.
人生可不能醉生梦死。
One must not sleep or dream one's life away.
Practice (3)
他喜欢在大河里游泳。
He likes to swim in the rivers.
他逃避了处罚。
He escaped being punished.
时间在这个小城造成了许多变化。
Time has wrought many changes in the town.
群众大声喝倒彩把演讲者轰下台来。
The crowd shouted down the speaker.
4. 利用第四句型翻译 (S + Vt. + o + O)
1）授予动词
2）告知动词
3）贡献动词
4）得失动词


Practice (5)
历史给我们提供了值得注意的经验。
History affords us lessons that merit attention.
我教你们汉英翻译。
I teach you C-E translation
她愿意为你效劳。
She will render you a service.
此话让我们对他失去同情。
The remark lost him our sympathy.
5. 利用第五句型翻译（S+Vt.+O+OC ）
（1） 认识动词，即有心灵感觉（mental perception）的动词，其属格补语主要是表示性质的。如：think，consider，call，believe，imagine，find，prove 等。在那宾格与补语之间，有时可以加上"to be"的字眼。

那孩子走出学校进入社会时，并不以为统治是荒诞的，权威是可笑的。
When he left the school and entered the world, the boy is not disposed to consider rule absurd and authority ridiculous.

２） 感觉动词，即有身体感觉（physical perception）动词，有see，hear，feel，want，wish，like，hold，keep，leave，have，wear 等。

现今我觉得我的生活有说不出的空虚。
Now I feel my life unspeakably empty.
３） 有些作为动词，在宾格补语之前，有加上一个as 的必要。
他们认为已经绝望，就把他放弃了。
    They gave him up as hopeless.


４） 有些宾格补语是表示由那动作的结果而产生的状态。这类动词多半有使动意义（make，render，set，drive，etc）或表示一般的动作（strike，beat，shoot，fold, keep）


他的一切麻烦我会解决的。
I will set all his troubles right.
我们靠希望而生存。
Hope keeps us alive.

５） 反身自动词如要宾格补语时，也像作为动词时一样，那个补语是表示动作的结果所产生的状态。
他们谈着话不知不觉地睡着了。
They talked themselves asleep.

水语清叶

第二讲  汉英词语用法对比与翻译
         Lecture Two  
Comparison Between
Chinese and English
Words and Their
Translation

Translation practice last week
由于连年战争，我们的生意很萧条。
Our business has suffered not a little through the war.
The effect upon our business of the war has been striking.
The war has affected our business to a remarkable extent.
The war has done our business much harm.
The war has rendered our business dull.
一、汉英时态比较与翻译
例1：二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。
（萧红《永远的憧憬和追求》）
When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.


例2：傅先生公开承认自己反动透顶，但是傅先生在和平解放北平时为人民立了功。（《毛泽东选集》第五卷）
Mr. Fu openly admits that he was utterly reactionary, yet he did a service to the people in the peaceful liberation of Beijing.



例3：我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.


例4：仿佛为探寻什么而来，然而，我永远不能寻见什么了，除非我也睡在花床的下面，土地连接着土地，在那里面或许还有一种温暖、爱的交流？（缪崇群《花床》）
I seem to have come here in search of something, but I will never be able to find anything, except hoping that someday I will go and sleep underneath a flower bead where the land is one in which there is an interflow of warmth and love. (Trans. by Gao Wei and Liu Shichong)

二、汉英词语的具体与抽象比较及其翻译
Our very anxiety is born of our knowledge of what is now possible for each other and all.
（我们之所以焦虑不安是因为我们知道对每一个人，对所有人可能发生什么事。）
It is a revealing fact about our language and our culture that someone dedicated to pursuit of knowledge is compared to such a freak.
（把专心于追求知识的人比做这样一种畸形人，这一事实突出地反映了我们的语言和文化现状。）


英语中在动词或形容词后面加上-ment; -tion; -ence; -ity; -isml –ure; -ness等名词后缀，我们就可以明显感觉到其抽象性。
另外，英语中的介词非常丰富。介词本身就是虚词，表达比较虚泛的意义。介词除了可以构成各式各样的短语或成语，还为多个抽象名词结构的连着使用创造了条件。例如：

He was not to appeal for the end of poverty and ignorance and disease; he called for the destruction of the system which was responsible for these evils.
（他并不满足于呼吁消除贫困、愚昧和疾病，他号召摧毁那个造成一切罪恶的制度。）

例1：他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。
He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
例2：他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到惊讶。
His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all.


例3：住在上海“弄堂房子”里的人对月亮的圆缺隐现是不甚关心的。
    People living in the small alleyways of Shanghai pay little attention to the waxing and waning, or the visibility, of the moon.

例4：男性不愿退休，与他们预想中将来要失去很多东西有关，其中主要的是失去赚钱的机会，而不是丧失对工作的依恋之情。
Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivations, of mainly of money rather than of attachment to work.


例5：有月亮吧，就像多了一盏灯。没有月亮吧，犹如街灯损坏了，没有亮起来。
    Moon or no moon simply means the appearance of one extra street lamp or that one of the street lamps has gone wrong and ceased to give out light.


例6：我先是诧异，接着是很不安，似乎这话与我有关。（鲁迅《祝福》）
    My initial astonishment gave way to a deep uneasiness; I felt that this had something to do with me.

例7：唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。
    Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
例8： 添砖加瓦
     make a little contribution
    望穿秋水
    await with great anxiety
    画饼充饥
    feed on fancies


例9：总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题。
    In short, taking the country as a whole, we are certainly able to settle the problem regarding the wealth gap between the coastal and hinterland areas gradually and smoothly.
(trans. by Beijing Review)
In short, taking the country as a whole, I am confident that we can gradually bridge the gap between coast and inland areas.



例10：他讲话时，态度坚定，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡。
    He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.

三、汉英词语的动静对比与翻译
例1：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (utilizing English nouns)
例2：他统治那个地区长达20年之久。
He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.

2）利用形容词
例3：那个家伙老师滔滔不绝讲个不停。
That fellow is very talkative. (utilizing English adjective)
例4：他们迫切地想得到消息。
They were news-hungry.

3）利用介词
例5：有一个有力的证据足以推定他们所讲的是真实的。
There is a strong presumption in favor of the truthfulness of their statement.
例6：你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。
You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.

Homework for today
我们两国的领导人就香港问题达成协议，为各自的国家和人民做了一件非常有意义的事情。香港问题已经有近一个半世纪的历史，这个问题不解决，在我们两国和两国人民之间总是存在阴影。现在这个阴影消除了，我们两国之间的合作和两国人民之间的友好前景光明。


Thank You!

selena

楼主真好耶
不过上课我都记下来了
呵呵

batigol

[s:2]  [s:2]  [s:2]

水语清叶

Translation Reference
The leaders of our two countries have reached agreement on the question of Hong Kong and have done something highly significant in the interest of our countries and peoples.  


This problem has lasted for a century and half. As long as it remained unsolved, it cast a shadow over the relations between us.  


Now that the shadow has been lifted, a bright prospect has opened up for cooperation between our two countries and friendly contact between our two peoples.


第三讲   汉英意形对比与翻译
Chinese Parataxis and English Hypotaxis and Translation
一、汉语与英语的语言组织法特点
所谓意（parataxis），指的是词语或句子间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现；所谓形合（hypotaxis）则指的是词语或句子间的连接主要仰仗连接词或语言的形态变化来实现。据此，我们认为“意合和形合是语言组织法，是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径，是汉英对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一。”
二、意合与形合的表现形式
汉语的连句成章往往凭借作者的形象思维和灵感思维，通过省略功能虚词，利用词语和句子意念组合表现出事件发生的先后顺序和逻辑关系，而将句子成分的功能和层次往往置于次要地位。比如：汗流浃背；玩物丧志；不进则退，等

英语的形合则表现在词语连成句子、短语连成句子、分句连成句子的时候，都是要依仗诸如像连词、关系词、介词等功能词语和具有状语功能的分词结构等来构建。

英语词与词之间的关系常由一个客观的词来指示，不像汉语要由读者自己来解读。比如，Don’t come in until I call you.在这句英语中，两个动作之间的关系由一个连接词until明确表示出来，不可能有误解。同样表达这个意思，汉语就完全可以不用任何表示关系的连接词。“不叫你别进来。”因此，我们可以得出这样结论：汉语是以意驭形而英语则以形制意。

三、化意合为形合的具体操作方法
根据上述汉英两种语言的组句方式的对比，我们不难看出：汉语的句法特征是“意合对接”（parataxical linkage）。在汉语翻译成英语时，就是要把汉语的意合形式转化为英语的形合形式。在这个过程中，关键是要分清汉语原文中哪些是主体意念，将其置于主句；哪些是客体描摹，事件背景、概念前提或条件、思维的指向、行为的对象等等，将其作从句或词组处理。
1、 将汉语句子译成带从句的英语句子
例1：船上这几位，有在法国留学的，有在英国、德国、比国等读书，到巴黎去增长夜生活经验，因此也坐法国船的。（钱钟书《围城》）
Although some of those on board had been students in France, the others, who had been studying in England, Germany, and Belgium, had gone to Paris to gain more experience of night life before taking French ship home.（Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）

例2：船走得很慢，大家一片乡心，正愁无处寄托，不知哪里忽来了两副麻将牌。（钱钟书《围城》）
The ship moved ever so slowly, while homesickness welled up in everyone’s heart and yearned for release. Then suddenly from heaven knows where appeared two sets of mahjong, the Chinese national pastime. （Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）

例3：生命没有寄托的人，青年时代和“儿时”对他格外宝贵。（瞿秋白《儿时》）
    When one has nothing to live for in life, he tends to look back with nostalgia on the days gone by——his youth and childhood.


例4：题目妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。
    I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.

2、将汉语句子译成带介词短语的英语句子
例1：好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办。
With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.
例2：那女孩长得面黄肌瘦，身材短小，满脸现着泪痕。（谢冰莹《刹那的印象》）
Short and slight in build, she looked thin and sickly with a tear-stained face.（张培基译）

3、将汉语句子译成分词或带不定式结构的英语句子
例1：他什么苦都吃得，从不晓得享用，也像乡下人。（朱自清《哀互生》）
    Looking like a countryman, he could withstand any hardship, never seeking ease and comfort.
例2：一个人的生究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？（邓拓《生命的三分之一》）
    What is the significance of life? Is there any gauge to measure it?

例3：只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。
    Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
例4：对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。
    You have little cause to make excessive demands from others and make yourself disappointed in return.
4、将汉语句子译成带定式复合结构的英语句子
例1：酒不醉人人自醉。
It is no the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.
例2：人到醉时方觉醒，醒时难得醉时清。
    It is not until one gets drunk that he gets sober and it is difficult for him to get as sober as he gets drunk.

例3：一人之下，万人之上。
There is no one above him but the Emperor.
例4：千算万算，不及天算。
    Whatever human mind intend, it is the Heaven that decides the end.

5、运用多种操作方法将汉语句群译成英语句子
太华之高不知几千仞，惜未能裹粮往登马。归途见林柿正黄，就马上摘食之。土人呼止，弗听，嚼之，涩甚，急吐去。下骑觅泉漱口，始能言。土人大笑。盖柿须摘下，煮一沸始去其涩，余不知也。


I have no idea how many thousand feet high the Huashan Mountains are and regret very much not having been able to pack up some dry provisions and go exploring them for a few days. On my way back I saw some wild persimmons, which were of a ripe color. I picked one from the tree while on horseback, and was going to eat it then and there.

The native people tried to stop me, but I wouldn’t listen to them. Only after taking a bite did I find it to have a very harsh flavor. So much so that I quickly spat it out and had to come down from horseback and rinse my mouth at a spring before I could speak, to the great merriment of my native advisers. For persimmons should be boiled in order to take away their harsh flavor, but I learnt this a little too late.

Homework for Today
                   "万字"
       从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。
    老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
      这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
     过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖，这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他，这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"                 



Thank you!

水语清叶

Translation to the Last
                  "万字"
      The Character "Wan" (10,000)
从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。
Once upon a time there was a man who was quite well-off, but illiterate. Thus, he got a tutor to teach his son how to read and write.

    老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
  Teaching his son to write Chinese characters, the teacher said, "One stroke is the character one, two strokes are two and three strokes, three."


这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
After the boy knew how to write these three characters, he threw away his brush and ran to his father. He said, "Father, I now know how to write Chinese characters. The tutor is  no longer useful to me." His father was very happy to hear that and asked the tutor to leave.


过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖。
A few days later, his father wanted to invite a relative named Wan to dinner in his home, and asked his son to write an invitation card.


这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他。
The boy had not finished even though he had been writing for quite a while, so his father went to hurry him up.

这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"
The boy complained, "There are a lot of family names in the world under heaven. Why does he have to be named Wan? I have been writing since morning, and have finished 500 strokes. That is far from 10,000."

第四讲  汉英翻译中选词方法
Lecture Four
Ways of the Choices of Words in C-E Translation
1、根据思维习惯进行选词
   东西方文化差异体现在思维方式方面主要表现为：综合思维与分析思维之别，具象思维与抽象思维之异，顺向思维与逆向思维之差。从本质上说，一个民族不可能只具有一种单一的单向思维模式。但由于历史、地域、文字和生存方式等因素的影响，不同的民族往往会侧重于某种思维方式，而另一种或几种思维方式则表现得不那么明显。思维方式的不同往往会在语言上反映出来。
译例说明
例1：前事不忘，后事之事。
    Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.
    Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide one in the future.


例2：前不见古人，后不见来者。
    念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下。
    Looking back, I do not see the ancients.
    Looking ahead, I can’t see the wise ones to come.
    Brooding on the endless universe,
    Alone, in my sorrow, tears stream down.

2、根据语境选词
   语境首先指的是文本语言环境，也包括副语言环境，副语言环境系指参与交际者的表情、神态、语气、语调、体势及交际者所处的场景等从属于话语的附加因素。还包括非语言环境，非语环境系指与原作内容相关并影响其内容而在文本中却无具体书面文字形式的文化历史和地理知识及相关背景。
译例说明：
1）“情况”：
circumstances，
situation，
conditions


（1）在这种情况下
    under these / such circumstances
    such being the case
    in accordance with this specific condition


（3）现在的情况不同了。
    Now things are quite different.
（4）他们的情况怎么样了？
    How do matters stand with them？
    What has happened to them？
    What has become of them？


（5）前线有什么情况？
    How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
    There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.


（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
    But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
    We may go there，but that depends.

2）“抓”：
（1）狗把她的手抓了。
    The dog scratched her hand.
（2）你这是在瞎抓。
    You are finding yourself at a loss.
（3）抓养猪配种。
Pay close attention to pig-breeding.


（5）前线有什么情况？
    How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
    There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.


（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
    But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
    We may go there，but that depends.

3、根据词义的搭配进行选词
   汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时必须注意两者的差异，不能把汉语词语的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。词语的搭配主要包括两个方面：一是语义搭配，主要是指逻辑意义上表达习惯；一是结构搭配，主要是指定语和中心词的搭配和动宾搭配等。

    好教徒（= 虔诚的教徒）
    a faithful Christian
     好父母（= 慈爱的父母）
    a loving parent
     好儿女（= 孝顺的儿女）
    an obedient child
     好妻子（= 贤良的妻子）
     a virtuous wife
     好丈夫（= 尽职的丈夫）
     a dutiful husband

1）上班  
    go to work / to be on duty
2）上报  
    to appear in the newspaper / to report to a higher authority
3）上场  
to appear on the stage / court
4）上当
to be taken in

5）上灯
    to light the lamp
6）上访
    to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help.
7）上告
to complain to the higher authority / appeal to a higher court
8）上照
to come out well in a photograph
4、根据词的广义和狭义、强弱之分正确选词
（1）农业是国民经济的基础。
    Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
（2）农、林、木、副、渔互相结合的方针。
    the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery

（3）“多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久只争朝夕。”
  "So many deeds cry out to be done,
  And always urgently.
  The world rolls on,
  Time passes.
  Ten thousand years are too long,
  Seize the day, seize the hour."
5、根据词义的褒贬和语体色彩以及政治含义进行选词
1）他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
   They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
  2）别了，司徒雷登！
    Farewell, Leighton Stuart!


3）禁止赌博。
    Gambling is prohibited.
4）这小伙子干活真冲。
This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.
5）peasant, farmer, etc.

Homework for Today
                    十三陵
   十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里，是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
   长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓，是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿，是明朝统治 者举行祭祀的地方。这个大殿修建于一四二七年，面积共一千九百多平方米，是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。殿里有几十根大木柱，其中四根最大的高14、3米，直径1、17米，两个人抱不过来。  

    定陵在长陵的西南面，它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年（1573----1620）。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿，面积一千九百多平方米，由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成，全是石结构，没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿，有三座大石门，石门很大，每座重八吨。修建定陵前后用了六年时间，每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动，不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。

Thank you!

selena

有些东西没必要抄的
理解就好了
呵呵
楼主真辛苦 [s:2]