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汉译英笔记

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21#
发表于 2006-4-1 21:35 | 只看该作者
陆国飞的课吧
22#
发表于 2006-4-1 22:09 | 只看该作者
是的。。我们也是上他的课
23#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-4-2 07:04 | 只看该作者
呵呵。不好意思,我忘发了。

第五讲  社会符号学意义与汉英翻译
The Meaning of Social Semiotics and C-E Translation
Translation to last
                十三陵
         he Ming Tombs
十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里,是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
The Ming Tombs are located about 50 kilometers to the northwest of Beijing. They are the tombs of the thirteen feudal emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).


长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓,是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿,是明朝统治 者举行祭祀的地方。
Zhangling, tomb of the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, is the earliest and largest one among the thirteen tombs. In front of the tomb is a hall. It is the place where the Ming rulers offered sacrifices.

这个大殿修建于一四二七年,面积共一千九百多平方米,是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。
The big hall, built in 1427 and with an area of 1,900 square meters, is one of the biggest extant ancient wooden structures in China.

殿里有几十根大木柱,其中四根最大的高14、3米,直径1、17米,两个人抱不过来。  
In the hall there are several tens of big wooden columns, the largest four among which are each 14.3 meters high and 1.7 meters in diameter. Two men with their arms stretched cannot encircle one column.


定陵在长陵的西南面,它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年(1573----1620)。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。
Dingling is the tomb of Emperor Zhu Yijun, who ruled China for 48 years (1575-1620). In his twelfth year as emperor he began to build his tomb. At that time he was only 23 years old.

定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿,面积一千九百多平方米,由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成,全是石结构,没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿,有三座大石门,石门很大,每座重八吨。
Dingling's tomb chamber, the underground palace, has an area of 1,900 square meters. It consists of five halls----front, middle, rear, left and right. They are all stone structures without columns. The front, middle and rear halls have a big stone gate each. They are very big, each weighing 8 tons.

修建定陵前后用了六年时间,每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动,不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。
It took altogether 6 years to build Dingling. Every day 30,000 civilian laborers took part in the extremely hard labor, in the course of which many of them lost their lives.
1、 什么是社会符号学意义
符号学(semiotics)是研究符号指意系统的科学。皮尔斯提出了“符号学”的名称和第一个全面的符号学研究纲领。但对符号学发展做出实质性贡献的却是莫里斯。他区分了符号关系的三个方面,指出:符号与其所指称或描写的实体与事件之间的关系是语义关系,符号与符号之间的关系是符号句法关系,符号与符号使用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的,就是语言符号(包括音素、音节、词素、词、短语、分句、句子乃至话语)的三类意义,即指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
2、 指称意义的概念与汉英翻译
指称意义(referential meaning),也就是我们平常所说的概念意义(ideational meaning)它是语言符号(包括句子)和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体或事件之间的关系,它主要同交际主题有关。换句话说,它是指词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界。  
比如:
月亮:
moon
他仰望着蔚蓝色的天空。
He looked up at the blue sky
这些鲜花多美啊!
How lovely these flowers are!


指称意义和字面意义(literal meaning)虽然在大部分情况下是重合的,却是从两个不同角度去看的两个不同概念。指称意义是词语同她之外的某个实体之间的关系,而字面意义则是单个词语最先在语言使用者脑中唤起的概念或形象。当译者从指称意义的角度考虑问题时,是把源语信息中具有相对独立的交际能力的一个词语同它所指称的实体联系起来,然后在译语中找出同样一个实体的对等说法。而从字面意义的角度考虑问题时,则是把源语单个的词最常见的意义换用译语中具有这种意义的符号去表示。
例如:
1)知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it——this is knowledge.
2)南京的风俗:但凡新媳妇进门,三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜,发个利市。这菜一定是鱼,取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.

3、  指称意义的翻译方法
汉英词语的指称意义的翻译一般可采用直译法为主,意译、音译、音译与意译相结合的方法为辅。
例如:
1)延安的歌声是黑夜的火把,雪天的煤炭,大旱的甘霖。
Songs of Yan’an are torches in the dark night, charcoal fire in the snowy weather, and timely rainfall in a severe drought.

2)生产多么需要科学!
    革命多么需要科学!
    人民多么需要科学!
Our production is in burning need of science!
Our revolution is in burning need of science!
Our people are in burning need of science!

3)刘玉翠回到村里,就好比是住进了监牢里。(明喻)
Having returned to the village, Liu Yucai felt as if she had got into the prison.
4) 霎时间,东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。(暗喻)
At once, the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.
      

5)群山肃立,江河挥泪,辽阔的祖国大地沉静在巨大的悲痛之中。(拟人)
      The mountains are standing in solemn silence; the rivers are shedding bitter tears; our vast motherland is soaked in enormous grief.

6)突然,在我们头顶上五六丈的上空,发出一声可怕的霹雳,闪电像利剑一样直插下来,天空被彻底吹裂了,震碎了。(夸张)
All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces.

意译译例:
卜卜卜——机关枪的声音跟着又来。(拟声 onomatopoeia)
The staccato chatter of a machine gun was heard again.


招风若草
look for trouble (死译 invite wind to exasperate the grass)

外甥打灯笼——照舅(照旧)
act according to the old ways (死译 the nephew carrying a lantern——showing the way for his uncle)

音译法举例
音译法是指用音位为单位在英语译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文的主要语言功能的翻译方法。

姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船。
Outside the city of Suzhou
Is resounding a distant knell.
It is Han Shan Monastery——
Towards us, tolling its midnight bell
1) 音意结合法
音意结合法是指在英语译文中几保留原文的发音又能体现原文的指称意义,以既谐音又谐意的方式达到功能相似。这种方法的使用一般有两种形式,一是在拼音之前或之后加上一个表意词;二是直接套用谐音谐意的英语单词。
例如:
绿丹兰
Ludanlan cosmetics
稳德福酒楼
Wonderful Restaurant
“索”牌(塑料绳具的商标)
solid
4、言内意义的概念与翻译
言内意义(intralingual meaning),或叫语篇意义(textual meaning)是指句子成分与句子成分之间或句子与句子之间的关系,它决定着行文的韵律节奏、如何衔接连贯,达到何种修辞效果,等等。主要表现在利用词素之间的语音关系所表现出来的韵律平仄、双声和押韵;利用词素之间的语义关系形成的谐音双关、一语双叙、拈连、仿似、飞白、排比、对偶、层递、设问、顶真、回环、倒装等修辞格和语序、句子的长短、句子结构的紧凑或松散都体现了句子成分之间的关系;篇章的层次、段落的排列组合、句式的变化、布局的和谐、语义的连贯、自然的衔接都体现了篇章内符号的关系,它们都是言内意义的体现。
几个译例:
1)  接受竟成了劫。(谐音双关)
    Taking-over turns out to be loot-taking.
2)红雨随心翻作浪,
    青山着意化为桥。(对偶 antithesis)
Crimson rain swirls in waves under our will,
Green mountains turn to bridge at our wish.


3)春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干。(双关)
The silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart;
The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.


4)一个钻窗子进来的人,不管是偷东西还是偷情,早已决心来替你做个暂时的主人。(钱钟书《写在人生边上》)(拈连)
When there is someone coming in through the window, whether he is going to steal some property or steal somebody’s heart, he has decided that he will replace the host for a little while.

5、语用意义的概念与翻译
语用意义(pragmatic meaning)或交际意义(communicative meaning)是语言符号与其使用者之间的关系,包括表征意义、表达意义、社交意义、祈使意义和联想意义。是语言符号对人产生的影响,也就是常说的蕴含意义(connotative meaning)或联想意义(associative meaning)。语用意义在很大程度上受制于语言的社会文化环境。某一具体语言环境中出现的词语往往不仅具有指称意义、言内意义,还包含由此而衍生出的语用意义。
Homework for today
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族,一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处,学习人家的先进科学技术。我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后,需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平,也要学习人家的长处。

The End of the Class
Thank You
24#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-4-2 07:05 | 只看该作者
第六讲  汉语习语的翻译
Lecture Six
Translation of Chinese Idioms
1、 汉语习语的概念与特点
   习语是劳动人民长期沿袭使用的定型词组或短语。习语一般具有结构严谨,形式简练,含义精辟,形象鲜明,表达生动等特点,因而为人们所喜闻乐用,广为流传。汉语习语在广义上包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、格言和方言等,类别繁多,民族特色突出。正因为如此,习语的翻译也比较复杂。
1)汉语四字词组的特点与翻译
四字词组通常有四个要素构成,通常分为前后两部分。两部分之间的语法关系可以是主谓、动宾、偏正或并列关系。因此,四字词组又可分为主谓词组、动宾词组、偏正词组和联合词组。
直译法
直译的优势是能够比较完整地保留汉语四字词组的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但直译必须以不引起译文读者的误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。
直译法举例:
(1)处理人民内部的矛盾,必须坚持和风细雨的方法,坚持“团结——批评——团结”的方法。
It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze, and to adhere to the formula of “unity—criticism—unity”, in dealing with contradictions among the people.


(2)所以这李执虽然青春丧偶,且处于高粱锦绣之中,竟如“槁木死灰”一般,一概不问。
So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold ashes, taking no interest in the outside world.

意译法
意译主要是指翻译时抓住原文内容和寓意这一重要方面,牺牲形象结合上下文比较灵活地传达原义。
意译法举例:
(1)刘雨生回到乡政府,把老谢的话,一五一十,告诉了邓秀枚和李月琴。
  When Liu Yusheng got back the township government, he recounted everything Lao Xie said in detail to Deng Xiumei and Li Yuhui.
(2)他讲起话来总是眉飞色舞。
  He always beams with joy when speaking.

节译法举例:
(1)冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。
  The cold, pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces, long hair and lusterless eyes.
(2)忽然有人在牡丹亭畔,长吁短叹。
  Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.

借用英语中的同义习语
(1)只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们斗,也许有翻身的那一天。
  All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day you’ll come out on top.
(2)我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。
  I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear for the comrades’ criticism.

直译和意译兼用法
(1)她一个单身人,无亲无故。
     But this girl Mei was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.
   (2)王冕一路风餐露宿,九十里大站、七十里小站,一径来到山东济南府地方。
    Braving the wind and dew, Wang Mian traveled day after day past large posting station and small, till he came to the city of Jinan.
2)谚语的特点与翻译
谚语就是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言。这些谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活经验的科学总结。英语和汉语的谚语都有这样的特点:比喻生动,寓意深刻,用词精练,没有一个多余的词,单句讲究韵律,双句讲究对仗,文体非常口语化,便于记忆流传。如何翻译谚语?是直译还是意译?这完全取决于谚语的语言特点和文化背景。
直译法
(1) 明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
It is easy to dodge a pear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.
(2) 城门失火,殃及池鱼。
A fire on city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.

(3)路遥知马力,日久见人心。
As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart.
(4) 初生牛犊不怕虎。
New-born calves make little of tigers. (Young people are fearless)

意译法
(1)失之东隅,收之桑榆。
What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts.
(2) 塞翁失马,按知非福?
A loss may turn out to be a gain.
(3) 此地无银三百两。
A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.
套译法
(1) 一次被火烧,二次避火苗。
A burnt child dreads the fire.
(2)  半瓶醋,出事故。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
(3)  少见多怪。
Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.
(4)  三思而后行。
Look before you leap.
3)歇后语的特点与翻译
歇后语是群众中广为流传的一种特殊语言形式,具有生动形象、诙谐幽默等特点。它一般由两个部分组成,前半截为形象的比喻,后半截是前面比喻的解释、说明。无论是文学作品,还是日常口语里,我们经常要同歇后语打交道。在习语翻译中,歇后语英译也是一个很重要的部分。
直译法
(1) 那个宝玉是个“丈八的灯台,——照见人家,照不见自己”的,只知嫌人家脏。这是他的房子,由着你们糟蹋。
As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lampstand that sheds light on others but none on itself. He complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy.

“咱们俩的事,一条绳拴着两蚂蚱,谁也跑不了。”
  “We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord; neither can get away!”


“你可倒好!肉包子打狗,一去不回头!”她的嗓门很高,和平日在车厂与车夫们吵嘴时一样。
“Well, you certainly are a guy! A dog given a bone doesn’t come back for more!” Her voice was as loud as when she bawled out at the rickshaw men in the yard.

日本曹长心里像有十五个吊桶打水,七上八下地不安宁。
It was as if the sword of Damocles hung over the Japanese sergeant.

意译法
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能。
When we pass from the old society to the new, each of us shows his true worth.
等他们赶来增援时,已是“正月十五贴门神——晚了半月啦。”
But they were too late for a rescue.

可是谭招弟心中却想:骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧,看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”


可是谭招弟心中却想:骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧,看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”


“我是想:咱们是孔夫子搬家,净是(输)书,心里真有点点干啥的。”
“Only I fell bad when we lose every fight.”
“我在店里呢,是灯草拐杖,做不得主(柱)的。”
  “My position in the company doesn’t permit me to make a decision individually.”

4) 俚语的特点与翻译
俚语是比较通俗的口语词,有的带有粗俗性,有的带有方言性。俚语不但出现在口语中,而且也出现在戏剧、电视、电影以及小说的对白中。一般说来,俚语可分三类:委婉语,赌咒语和粗俗语。
翻译举例:
(1)  她有喜了。
She is a mother-to-be.
She is in the family way.
(2)  你这个杀千刀的!
You be hanged!
(3)  见鬼去吧!
To hell with you!

(4)  小妇养的!动了兵器了!
Sons of bitches! They are using weapons now.
(5)  他妈的,你们有话就说吧!
If you have something to say, say it. Damn you!
(6)  还有你这个浪货,跟谁来不行,非跟他!
And you too, you baggage. Couldn’t you have picked somebody else? Why did it have to be him?
(7)  王八蛋们,怎么又在这儿碰上了!
You devils, so we meet again!
5) 惯用语的特点与翻译
惯用语是以口头上常用的洗练、含蓄的语言,比一般词和词组更具稳定性,比四字词语更具灵活性。比书面语言更具含蓄讽刺、生动形象的比喻性。惯用语主要出现在群众的日常口语中,书面语中出现在小说、电影、电视、戏剧的人物对话里,也出现在比较口语化的议论文和散文中。由此可见,无论是口译还是笔译,都会碰到惯用语的翻译问题。
直译法举例:
连根拔
tear up by the roots
走后门
get in by the backdoor
一窝蜂
like a swarm of bees
及时雨
timely rainfall
九牛二虎之力
the strength of nine bulls and two tigers
病急乱投医
turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill
直译补意法
卷铺盖
pack up and quit
包眼福
feast one’s eyes on sth.
单打一
concentrate on one thing only
咬耳朵
whisper in one’s ear
扇阴风,点鬼火
fan the winds of evil and spread the fires of turmoil
意译法
门外汉
the uninitiated or a layman (a man outside the gate)
   小广播
spreading of hearsay information or bush telegraph (a small broadcast station)
风凉话
irresponsible and sarcastic remarks (cold words)

扣帽子
put a label on sb. (put a cap on sb.)
寻短见
commit suicide or take one’s own life (look for a short view)
  炒冷饭
dish up the same old staff (fry the cold rice)
套译法
杀风景
be a wet blanket
拍马屁
lick sb’s boots
放空炮
spout hot air / talk big
绕圈子
beat about the bush

灌米汤
butter sb. Up
摆架子
put on airs
开绿灯
give the green light
泼冷水
pour cold water on

唱反调
sing a different tune
挖空心思
rack one’ s brains
试金石
touchstone

Translation to the last
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族,一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处,学习人家的先进科学技术。
Science and technology are a kind of wealth created in common by all mankind. Any nation or country must learn from the strong points of other nations and countries, from their advanced science and technology.

我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后,需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平,也要学习人家的长处。
It is not just today, when we are scientifically backward, that we need to learn from other countries. After we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology, we shall still have to learn from the strong points of others.
Homework for Today
1.咱们不能黑影里电灯,只看脚下。
2. “那么,什么时候解决战斗?还是老牛拉破车,慢慢吞吞的吗?
3.他咯咯地笑着说:“这叫画饼充饥!”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
5.失败是成功之母。
6.薛潘也来上学,不过是三日打鱼,两日晒网。

7. 送君千里,终有一别。
8. 人怕出名猪怕壮。
9. 后来出嫁了,两个人还是藕断丝连,这只能怪包办婚姻,不能怪她。
10、但是,事实胜于雄辩。水落自然石出。   
25#
发表于 2006-4-2 07:15 | 只看该作者
感觉上课就是抄笔记
26#
发表于 2006-4-2 08:22 | 只看该作者
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
27#
发表于 2006-4-2 20:05 | 只看该作者
下面是引用约会自己于2006-04-01 23:15发表的:
感觉上课就是抄笔记


差不多
现在抄也懒得抄
28#
发表于 2006-4-3 00:13 | 只看该作者
Homework for Today
1.咱们不能黑影里电灯,只看脚下。
2. “那么,什么时候解决战斗?还是老牛拉破车,慢慢吞吞的吗?
3.他咯咯地笑着说:“这叫画饼充饥!”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
5.失败是成功之母。
6.薛潘也来上学,不过是三日打鱼,两日晒网。

怎么翻译啦
嘎嘎
29#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-4-8 04:38 | 只看该作者
第七讲  汉语语态的翻译
Translation of Chinese Voices
Translation to L5 & L6
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族,一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处,学习人家的先进科学技术。
Science and technology are a kind of wealth created in common by all mankind. Any nation or country must learn from the strong points of other nations and countries, from their advanced science and technology.


我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后,需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平,也要学习人家的长处。
It is not just today, when we are scientifically backward, that we need to learn from other countries. After we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology, we shall still have to learn from the strong points of others.

1.咱们不能黑影里电灯,只看脚下。
Let’s not light a lamp in the dark which shows only our feet.
2. “那么,什么时候解决战斗?还是老牛拉破车,慢慢吞吞的吗?
“Well, then, when are going to get the battle finished off? Are you still going to be the old bullock pulling a broken cart, creeping slowly along?

3.他咯咯地笑着说:“这叫画饼充饥!”
Now he chuckled and commented, “That’s called ‘Drawing a cake to satisfy your hunger.’”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
If a man is diligent, soil is not idle.” How true the proverb is!
5.失败是成功之母。
Failure is the mother of success.

6.薛潘也来上学,不过是三日打鱼,两日晒网。
Xue Pan enrolled as student. But he was like the fisherman who fishes for three days and then suns his net for two.
汉语语态特征
汉语的被动语态形式用得比英语少得多。汉语句子表示被动意义得句型主要有两种:一种是有标记的的被动句,即句中有“被、为、叫、让、给、受、由、挨、遭、遇、为……所……,加以,予以”等助词、助动词和介词为标记。另一种是无标记的被动句,它没有形式标记,要通过逻辑意义来判断。这种表示被动意义而不用被动形式的句子在汉语里相当多,主要包括:无主句、泛指主语句、非人称主语句等,汉译英时都应当转译成被动语态的英语句子。
一、有标记的汉语被动句
1、这件事将由他们处理。
  This matter will be dealt with by them.
2、火在一小时后被扑灭。
  The fire was put out an hour later.
3、旧规章被废除了。


4、社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。
  Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
5、该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
  The plan will be examined by a special committee.
二、无标记的被动句
1、新的教学方法几年前就已采用了。
  New methods of teaching were adopted a few years ago.
2、这项工程将于明年年底竣工。
  This project will have been completed by the end of next year.
3、爱滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。
  The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids.

4、基本建设速度加快,投资环境不断完善。
  The capital construction has been accelerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.
5、新的基础工程项目有的正在建设,有的正在规划之中。
  Some of the new infrastructure projects are well under way and others in the process of being planned.

三、无主语句
1、应当坚定不移地执行计划生育的基本国策
Efforts should be made to firmly carry out the basic state policy of family planning.
2、到现在为止还没有得出结论。
  So far no conclusion has been arrived at.
3、必须维护生态环境的平衡。
  The ecological environment should be kept in balance.

4、尚未决定谁去担任这项任务。
    It has not been decided who is to take up the task.
四、泛指主语句
1、有人指出,这些指控是毫无根据的。
  It was pointed out that the accusations were groundless.
2、大家认为,他对这项工作很满足。
  He was considered quite satisfied with the job.
3、人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。
  Rubber is found to be a good insulating material.
4、有人看见老教授深夜还在做实验。
  The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night.

五、以“是……的”结构引导的被动句
1、交际理论家们断言,在面对面的交际中,少于30%的信息是通过讲话传递的,而多于70%的信息是非语言的方式完成的。
    Communication theorists have affirmed that in face-to-face communication less than 30% of all the information is communicated through speaking. Over 70% is sent by non-verbal means.
2、通常港口税是以船只的注册吨位计算的。
  Usually the dues are calculated on the registered tonnage of the ship.
3、疟疾是蚊子携带的寄生虫传染的。
  Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite carried by mosquitoes.
六、以地点为主语的被动句
1、1981年以来法国将外贸赤字成功地削减了一半以上。
  The foreign trade deficit in France has been successfully cut by more than half since 1981.
2、日本发生强烈地震的报道已经得到证实。
  The report of a strong earthquake in Japan has been confirmed.
3、中国讲汉语。
  Chinese is spoken in China.
4、我们学院去年建造了以栋新的行政大楼。
  A new administrative building was built in our institute last year.

附:关于汉语的一些习惯用语的英译法
1、  应该说……
      It should be said that…
2、  据报告……
      It is reported that…
3、  很明显……
      It is obvious that…
4、  据谣传……
     It rumored that…

1、  人们(有人、大家)认为……
     It is considered (thought) that …
2、  普遍(一般、通常)认为……
     It is generally (usually) accepted that   (agreed, recognized) that …
3、  有人(人们、大家)相信……
    It is believed that …
4、  大家知道(众所周知)……
      It is well-known that …

9、  据说(有人说)……
      It is said that …
10、据闻(悉)……
      It is learned that ..
11、据推测……
     It is supposed that …
12、据估计(预计)……
     It is estimated that …

13、必须指出……
     It must be pointed out that …
14、必须(应该)承认……
     It must (should) be admitted that …
15、可见(可以看出)……
     It will be seen that …
16、由此可见……
     It will be seen from this that…

17、不用说(谁都知道)……
     It is understood that…
18、无可否认……
     It cannot be denied that …
19、已经证明……
     It has been proved (demonstrated) that …
20、可以肯定……
     It may be confirmed that ….

21、可以有把握地说……
      It may be safely said that …
22、人们有时会问……
      It is sometimes asked that …
23、人们希望……
      It is expected (hoped) that…

Homework for today
我喝我的清茶
     他饮他的花酒,我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界:自我安定。
     面对别人成功与荣耀,我喝我的清茶,我明白那掌声已有所属,匆匆忙忙赶过去,不会有成功等着你,还是自己再创业绩吧,跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。

     凡事不逃避,我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染,若为怕水污而种在旱地上,它早就枯死了。人生也一样,避恶、避丑、避邪,只能说明自己心里脆弱。   一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的,而有力量影响他人。古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响,要为自己就没有必要逃避了,后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。

     自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在,而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境,“定”是一种境界,是居于多变之中的不动摇。只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向,才能做到“他饮他的花酒,我喝我的清茶。”
30#
发表于 2006-4-8 04:46 | 只看该作者
支持一下。

翻译要一下子掌握还是不太容易的。
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