汉译英笔记

selena

都不知道怎么翻了
学了的技巧很难用上
嘎嘎

水语清叶

Translation to the last
               我喝我的清茶
    Contenting Myself with Plain Tea
   他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。
   Human life, it seems to me, needs a placidity of mind. While other may be wining and dining, I’m content with plain tea.

     面对别人成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你，还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。
    Not dazzled by other people’s aura of success and glamour, I’ll indulge in my simple pleasure. Clearly aware where the credit goes, I won’t join in the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed to me on a plate. The best a blind follower can do is tailing after the winners. The only alternative is to create wonders of one’s own.


   凡事不逃避，我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕水污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。
     I stick to the pureness of my pleasure, never escaping from reality. The lotus grows in the mud without being tainted. If, to avoid the dirt, one plants it on dry clean ground, it simply won’t grow.

   人生也一样，避恶、避丑、避邪，只能说明自己心里脆弱。一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的，而有力量影响他人。
    The same holds true for human beings. Shrinking from what is ugly, vile and evil only proves the frailty of one’s character. A person in full possession of mental serenity never stands in fear of being mentally contaminated by the filthy environment. On the contrary, he can exercise positive influences all around.  

     古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响，要为自己就没有必要逃避了，后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。
    Mencius’s mother made three removals during his childhood to keep him away from bad influences, which did not pose any problem for her. History does not record any more of such removals after he grew up.


   自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在，而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境，“定”是一种境界，是居于多变之中的不动摇。
     Enjoying the tranquility of mind does not mean hiding oneself in a haven. What is meant is the maintenance of such a mental state in the midst of chaos, i.e. moral immovability amidst kaleidoscopic changes.

     只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向，才能做到“他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。”
    Only a person who has attained this plane can be a real master of his destiny, contenting himself with the purest and simplest pleasure.

第八讲  汉英翻译中主谓语的确定
Lecture Eight
Determination of Subject and Predicate in C-E Chinese
A. 主语的确定
  汉语中的主语不像英语中的主语那样容易确定。因为汉语是主题显著的语言，它所突出的是主题而不是主语。再者，汉语句法的特征是意合。这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系（尤其是主语）在形式不明显。因此，译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语，并在译文中妥帖地表现出来。确定主语时，应遵循以下4个原则：
1、须符合英语的语言习惯和必须符合英美人的思维方式
希望今后舟山能与更多的外国城市结为姐妹城市。
It is hoped that Zhoushan will establish sister relations with more foreign cities in the future.
众所周知，舟山将在2007年建成一座通往大陆的跨海大桥。
As is known to all, 2007 will see the completion of a trans-sea bridge leading to the mainland in Zhoushan.
自改革开放以来，中国已经建立了二十多所民办高校。
There have been established more than nongovernmental institutions of higher learning since China’s reform and opening.
2、必须是句中应该突出的信息
有了辨证唯物论的思想，就省了许多事，也少犯许多错误。
    Once dialectical materialism is grasped, a lot of trouble will be saved and many mistakes avoided.
必须进行认真的教育，以期一步一步解决这个问题。
    Education must be assiduously carried out so that this problem can be solved step by step.
在发展生产的基础上，改善工人和劳动人民的生活。
    The livelihood of the workers and other working people is to improve on the basis of increased production.
3、必须符合句中的逻辑关系
   在经济建设的实践中，特别是整党中，在经济体制改革中，已经并正在成长大批优秀人才。
    Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in economic construction, especially in the course of Party consolidation and the reform of the economic structure.
  

编辑的责任是重大的，应当提高编辑的社会地位。
All editors are facing tremendous duties, and their social status should be raised.
我们舟山还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
We have also formulated a series of preferential policies in Zhoushan to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.
4、在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文的行文需要
   在篇章翻译中，主语还必须符合上下文行文的需要。篇章是一些意义相关的句子通过一定承接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。虽然连句成篇的衔接手段多种多样，但作为句子“龙头”的主语在连句成篇、承上启下的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。汉语篇章中的主语主要是通过原词复现、照应和省略的方式起着衔接的作用。而英语的主语则往往避免重复原词而更多地使用照应和替代的方式来衔接上下文。学习篇章的汉译英，还需要牢记英语和汉语的这一差异，根据上下文确定主语。否则，篇章只不过是缺乏逻辑的句群堆砌或“句不达意”。在篇章的汉译英过程中，为符合上下文行文的需要，常常依据下列原则确定主语：
1）汉语原文原词用复现的手段承接上下文时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文。
我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族的了，我们已经站起来了。
Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.

2）原文以照应的手段承接上下文时，译文亦采用照应的手段承接上下文。
     解净活这么大可是头一回经受这样的阵势。她进工厂六年多了，还没有真正了解工厂。
  Xie Jing had never been treated like this in her life. Though she had been in this plant for six years, she had not really understood it.

3）原文以省略的手段衔接篇章时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文。
    武松一步步上那冈子来。回头看这日色时，渐渐地坠下去了。
    Wu Song plodded up the ridge. When he looked back at the sun, it was almost gone.

B. 谓语的确定
（1）汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化，不管主语是单数还是复数；不管主语是第几人称，谓语形态都不变。而英语的谓语有人称和数的变化，其单数、复数和人称要依据主语来决定。
译例：
他除了你以外，没有朋友。
He has no friend but you.
她是个俗气的富婆。
She is one of the vulgar rich.


（2）汉语谓语动词本身显现不出时间的先后，其时间的先后往往是以添加表示不同时间概念的词语或以动词排列的先后顺序表示出来。但英语的谓语动词本身有时态、语态语气的变化，谓语动词动作所发生的时间概念除了添加表示时间的状语外，往往还要通过为谓语动词时态的变化来表现。
译例：
得知她所做的决定我们感到很吃惊。
It surprised us to have learned of the decision she had made.
我们要认真吸取处理这个问题的经验。
We will make efforts to gain experience in handling this problem。

（3）汉语中的名词、形容词、数词和介词短语均可以直接作谓语；而英语往往要以连系动词作为桥梁将这些词类连接起来，否则就无法成句。
译例：
也像一切怕羞的人一样，他有时有点儿傲慢。
Like all shy men he sometimes appears somewhat arrogant.
这个新发明会成为对全人类有用的。
This new invention will prove useful to all humanity.


（4）汉语句子中的谓语可以是一个主谓词组，而英语的句子是不可以用主谓词组充当谓语的。在将以主谓词组作谓语的汉语句子译成英语时，往往要变换句式。
译例：
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.
武汉这个地方，我认为比深圳好。
I think Wuhan is better than Shenzhen.


（5）汉语和英语的句子有五种常见的句型，其主要成分的顺序是一致的。在将汉语句子译成英语时，若主要成分的顺序一致，则可套用对应的英语句型，所选择的谓语也大致可以与原文对应。

英语基本句型：
        S + V
        S + V + P
        S + V + O
        S + V + o + O
        S + V + O + OC

Homework for today
1）要学习、不要骄傲，不能看不起别人。
2）做一切工作，必须切合实际，不合实际就错了。
3）从这个事件可以看出当前世界斗争的重点。
4）“信奉质量第一，用户至上”是本企业的经营宗旨。欢迎国内外人士光临洽谈。
5) 本公司欢迎与海外客商加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。

冷夜疏雨

辛苦辛苦啊，哈哈，值得奖励！

水语清叶

值得奖励也不送我朵花哦，555
呵呵

水语清叶

第九讲  汉英翻译中的语序变换
Lecture Nine
Change of Word Order in C-E Translation
Translated Version to the Last
1）要学习、不要骄傲，不能看不起别人。
We must study and must not become conceited or look down on others
2）做一切工作，必须切合实际，不合实际就错了。
Whatever we do must accord with reality, otherwise it is wrong.
3）从这个事件可以看出当前世界斗争的重点。
From this incident we can pinpoint the focus of struggle in the world today.

4）“信奉质量第一，用户至上”是本企业的经营宗旨。欢迎国内外人士光临洽谈。
Our company adheres to the motto of quality first, customer supremacy. Customers both home and abroad are welcome to hold business talks with us.
5）本公司欢迎与海外客商加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers all over the world are welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us.

1．汉英词序上的异同
汉族的思维方式是：
主体——行为标志——行为——客体
这一思维方式所引起的语言表达模式是：
主语 + 状语 +谓语 + 宾语 （以及定语必须前置等）
以英语为母语的民族反映现实的思维顺序主要是：
主体——行为——行为客体——行为标志
这一思维方式所引起的语言表达模式是：
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语（以及较长的定语必须后置等）
（1）在时间上，汉语通常按事情发生或出现的先后顺序排列，而英语词序则主要是根据语境的需要安排。
侵略者不到走投无路的时候是不会投降的。
The invaders will not surrender until they come to the end of their tether.
当女演员登上舞台时，观众中爆发出一阵掌声。
A loud applause exploded fro the audience when the actress went on the stage.

（2）在事理上，汉语的词序比较固定，通常按照先因后果，先假设后可能，先条件后结果的顺序来排列；而英语的词序比较灵活，但通常开门见山，直奔主题，然后再作解释。在表示因果关系时，一般先讲结果再说明原因，在表示假设时，往往先说结果，再说条件。

她不老实，我不能信任她。
I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.
Because she is not honest, I can not trust her.
抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.

（3）在对某事发表评论时，汉语通常先叙述（即事实或描写），后表态（即判断或结论）。
每个人各司其责，这一点是很重要的。
It is important that everyone does his duty.
凡有产业的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife.
2．词序调整的方法
1) 根据时间顺序进行调整
（1）顺译
1）多个表示连贯动作的动词并列时，汉语和英语往往都可以按照动作发生的先后顺序来安排词序。

它先是离我较远，见我不去伤害它，便一点点挨近、然后蹦到我的杯子上，俯下头来喝茶，再偏脸瞧瞧我的反应。
First it kept its distance from me, then hopped nearer, then stood upon my glass and eventually lowered its head to drink my tea.

姑娘们洗净蒙受了一天的黄土、风尘，露出粗糙的面色，把头发梳得乌亮，然后就比赛着穿出最好的衣服。
The girls washed off the dust and stains of the day, revealing their rough and ruddy complexion, combed their hair, and then vied with one another in wearing their best outfits.
2）汉语中有些按照时间先后安排语序的复合句译成英语时也可采用顺序法。
传说秦始皇来到泰山封禅的时候，遇上了暴风雨，他就躲在一棵很大的松树下避雨。
It is said that when the First Emperor of Qin came to Mount Taishan to perform the rites of worshipping Heaven and Earth, he was caught in a storm, and found shelter under a giant pine tree.
(2) 逆译
  汉语习惯是按照动作发生的时间先后组句的，而英语则比较灵活。它虽然有时也按动作或事件的先后顺序来组句，但更多的却是通过使用各种表示时间的连词、关系代词或介词将动作或事件的先后次序打乱。

离开教室时请把灯关掉。
Turn off the light when you leave the classroom.
我访问了一些地方、遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
2、根据搭配需要进行调整
他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。
He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.

根据搭配需要调整语序主要集中在以下四个方面：
1、定语的位置
2、状语的位置
3、一系列表示时间或地点的词在一起时的先后顺序
4、叙事和表态的先后顺序
（1）定语的换序
1）新器件应满足所要求的条件。
    The new device should satisfy the required conditions.
2）在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。
    There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace.
3）日本和我们是一衣带水的邻邦。
    Japan is our neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.

4）他是一位中国现代优秀作家。
    He is an outstanding modern Chinese writer.
5）那是中国内地出版的第一份报纸。
    That was the first newspaper that had been published in inland China.
（2）状语的换序
1）复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案。
    In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
2） 他们刚刚作了一项物理实验。
    They have just made an experiment in physics.
3）尽管如此，我们对这件事情仍然不能掉以轻心。
    Nevertheless, we should not treat the matter lightly.
（3）一系列表示时间、地点、方式的状语先后顺序的调整
1）他家住浙江杭州西湖路195号。
    He lives at 195 West LakeRoad,Hangzhou,Zhejiang.
2）敬启者：您所订的《中国日报》将于1996年5月26日满期。
    Dear Sir, Your subscription to China Daily expires on May 26, 1996.
3）他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。
    He studies hard in the classroom every morning.
3、按照逻辑顺序进行调整
1）知己知彼，百战不殆。
You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
If you know the enemy as well as yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
2）到上海不去豫圆和城隍庙商场不算来过大上海。
You cannot claim to have been to Shanghai without visiting the Yu Yuan Garden and the City God Temple Bazaar.
Those who have come to Shanghai but missed Yu Yuan Garden and the City God Temple Bazaar can not claim that they have been to the city.

4、根据信息重心进行调整
有了这一条，中国就大有希望。
Then, there will be great hopes for China.
Then, the prospects for China will be excellent. (better)

Homework for Today
    凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意与天津市工业企业通过技术转让 ，引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径共同开发国家统一经营以外的制成品，特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品，并通过外方的销售渠道直接为外国公司提供制成品，可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。

海洋蓝

能在课堂抄多少是多少，手抄的笔记总容易记忆，鼓励，支持上课抄笔记的同学！ [s:1]

海洋蓝

有用有用，让我们不是英语专业的人也有了英语专业的笔记了！ [s:2]

水语清叶

第十讲  汉语长句的英译
Lecture Ten Translation of Chinese Long Sentences
Translated Version to the Last
   Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined chemical products, by means of technology tranfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municiple Commission of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development.

1、长句的定义
   汉语长句是指字数较多、结构繁复、语义呈现多层次、多梯级的句子。汉语长句从其内部结构来看，可分为两种：一种是句子成分比较多，而且有的内部成分比较复杂，这种句子内容比较丰富，陈述比较细致；另一种长句是复句或多重复句，这种句子可以把事物间的逻辑关系表达出来，从而把较复杂的事物之间的关系与联系交代的很清楚、明确。
构成汉语长句的原因
其一，当一个句子包含有很多转折或附加成分时，句子信息量就会不断扩大，结果就形成了一个在语义和结构上较为复杂的句子。
其二，当一个句子要表达多层次的意思时，往往以平行、并列等结构将词组、分句线性地组合在一起，这样就构成了长句。
2、英语长句和汉语的长句在结构上的差异
   英语的长句是由基础搭架“主语+谓语”扩展开来的，其扩展方式可以是增加句子的修饰语，也可以是增加并列成 分或并列句，或者是利用成语或从句充当句子成分。另外，英语重形合，英语句子中的主谓成份是全句之纲，主谓关系非常明显，其它成分往往是通过各种连接手段（如使用介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等）同主谓成分挂钩成句。英语句子内部的语义成分既有“顺序排列”，也有“逆序排列”。
3、长句翻译的方法
[1] 断句后按原文顺序翻译

所谓断句，就是把原文的一句话译作两句或更多句子。断句后再按照原文顺序翻译。汉语句子处于下列几种情况下英语译时都是可以采用断句的方法。

1）汉语句子较长，内容庞杂。
（1）一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。
   Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated. We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be steadfast and dedicated.

（2）历来只有真正老实的劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理，才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
  Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through practical work.

（3）接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。
    He went on indulging in wishful thinking. Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him more money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money-lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.

2）汉语的总分复句
汉语的总分复句都包括总说和分述两个部分。有的句子是先总说，后分述；也有的句子是先分述，后总说。翻译成英语时通常是：对于汉语先总说后分述的句子，可以在句子的开头部分断句，即将最前面的总说或概括部分单独译成一个英语句子；先分述后总说的句子，可以在句子结尾部分断句，即将最后的总结或判断部分断开，单独译成一个英语句子。

（1）人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民头脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。
The political awakening of the people is not easy. It requires much of our effort to rid their minds of wrong ideas.


（2）灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
3) 汉语长句中若含有反问句、反诘句或感叹句，英译时往往要断句。
（1）盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上轻风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！
No matter how hot it is "outside", once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body .In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is !

（2）延安虽然还没有战争，但军队天天在前方打仗，后方也唤工作忙，文章太长，有谁来看呢？
Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yen'an , our troops at the front are daily engaged in battle, and the people in the rear are busy at work. If articles are too long ,who will read them ?
4) 汉语的转折复句
汉语句子中语气发生了变化，或改换了主句，或意思有转折，即前半句说明一方面的情况，后半句说明另一方面的情况，英译时也常常要断句。
例如
（1）我们的人民政府是真正代表人民利益的政府，是为人民服务的政府，但是它同人民群众之间也有一定的矛盾。
Our People’s Government is one that genuinely represents the people’s interests, and it is a government that serves the people. Nevertheless, there are still certain contradictions between the government and the people.

（2）为了我们的事业，我已将生死置之度外，如有不幸，就把我埋在阴山顶上，以表示一个共产主义者的崇高而圣洁的节操!（〈王若飞在狱中〉）
For the sake of our cause, I’ve never worried about life or death. If the worst happens, please bury me on top of the Daching Mountains so as show the lofty, pure moral principle of a Communist!
5) 汉语中强调语势
汉语句子中的强调语势，英译时也往往采用断句的方法。
例如：
（1）毛主席和周总理留给我们的建设社会主义现代化强国的遗愿，一定要实现，也一定能够实现。
The behest of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou that we should make China a modern, powerful socialist country must be fulfilled. It can be certainly fulfilled.

（2）让那些内外反动派在我们面前发抖吧，让他们去说我们这也不是那也不是吧，中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自己的目的。
Let the domestic and foreign reactionaries tremble before us! Let them say we are no good at this and no good at that. By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.
6) 汉语长句内若有比方句，英译时往往要断句
（1）拿我们这些人来说，很多人每年都有一些进步。
  Take for example those of us present here . Many of us make some progress each year.

（2）以农民为例，他们现在更乐于使用科学种田法，由于种植杂交水稻的面积增加，单位面积的产量也增加了。
Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has risen so that the per-mu yield has hone up considerably.
[2] 把汉语的长句译成英语的简单句
（1）这种床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式多样，舒适大方，携带方便。
The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns. They are comfortable and convenient to carry.

（2）由于这台仪器性能稳定、操作可靠维修方便，因此受到用户的好评。
This instrument has been welcomed by the customers for its stability in service, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.
[3] 区分主从
      汉语复句中往往不用关联词，分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下主要是依靠排列顺序来表示，即采用所谓的“意合法”。同时，汉语动词又没有英语动词那样的词形变化。汉语复句里接二连三出现的动词，从形式看，它们都是等立的，没有主从、偏正之分。因此，在英译时，汉语复句的处理，必须首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句之间的关系，区分开哪个分句为主，哪个分句为从，然后按照英语表达习惯，适当加以处理。一般来说，应该是：凡是为主的分句，即正句，用英语的限定动词结构来表达；从属的分句，即偏句，则可以采用英语各种非限定动词短语或介词短语来表达，或增加从属关联词或通过各种从句形式来处理。通常可以遵循以下一些规则：

1) 表示原因或条件的部分，一般应从属于表示结果的部分
（1）错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.
（2）没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。
Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed.
2) 表示方式或状态部分，一般应从属于表示行为或动作的部分
（1）全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围，朝气蓬勃，奋勇前进。
Rallying closely round the Party Central Committee, the whole people of our country are advancing with vigor and valor.
（2）这些厂子，大搞技术革新，充分利用当地资源，生产出大量的、多种多样的药品。
Going in for technological innovation and making full use of local resources, these plants now turn out a wide range of medicines in great quantities.
3) 表示方法或手段的部分，一般应从属于表示目的的部分
（1）这些错误都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。
These mistakes should be corrected by educating the cadres and peasants rather than by simply dressing them down.
（2）我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。
By using our own hand we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”.
4) 非本质的部分，一般应从属于本质的部分
所有这一切，使得中国解放区……成为配合同盟国作战、驱逐日本侵略者、解放中国人民的主要力量。
As a result, China’s liberated areas have become … the main forces driving out the Japanese aggressors and liberating the Chinese people in military co-operation with allied countries.
5) 属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语，一般应译作从属部分
（1）这个战争，在东方历史上是空前的，在世界历史上也将是伟大的，全世界人民都关心这个战争。
The people of the whole world are attentively following this war, which has no precedent in the history of the East, and which will go down as a great war in world history too.

（2）说到这里，他没有再说下去，锐利的眼光停留在汤雷海菜黄的脸上，观察他的表情。
He said nothing, but let his keen glance nest on Tang Lei’s sallow face, observing his expression.

6) 背景情况描写部分，一般应从属于结论部分
    （1）帝国主义国家对外侵略扩张，争夺世界霸权，必然走向战争。
Engaged in aggression and expansion abroad in contending for world hegemony, the imperialist countries inevitably will go to war.


（2）当时，无论干部和战士，长途跋涉，冻饿交加，体质都已相当虚弱。
In those days, always on the march, always cold and hungry, cadres and fighters alike were physically exhausted.

7) 否定或反说部分，一般应从属于肯定或正说部分
（1）国际争端应在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力威胁。
   International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use of threat or force.
        （2）必须有分析有批判地学，不能盲目地学。
   We must learn with an analytical and critical eye, not blindly.
Homework for Today
1、但是人民是最好的鉴定人，他们知道八路军新四军这时数量虽然小，质量却很高，只有它才能进行真正的人民战争，它开到抗日前线，和那里的人民相结合，其前途是无限的。


2、又比如城市青年，或者进学校，或者到农村去，或者到工厂去，或者到边疆去，总要有个安排。
3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的、规律的生活，是自我修养的物质基础。


4、 “五四”运动促成中国工人同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
5、唯物论和辩证法则要用力气，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检验，不用力气就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。

水语清叶

第十一讲  汉语企业名称、标语的翻译
Lecture Eleven
Translation of Titles and Slogans of the Chinese Enterprises

1、 但是人民是最好的鉴定人，他们知道八路军新四军这时数量虽然小，质量却很高，只有它才能进行真正的人民战争，它开到抗日前线，和那里的人民相结合，其前途是无限的。


Being the best judges, the people know that despite their small number at the time, the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army were of high quality, that they alone could wage a real people’s war and that boundless prospects would open up before them once they reached the anti-Japanese fronts and joined the broad masses there.

2、又比如城市青年，或者进学校，或者到农村去，或者到工厂去，或者到边疆去，总要有个安排。
Let’s take the urban youth for example. Arrangements must be made for them in one way or another——they can go to school or work on a farm, in a factory or in a frontier area.

3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的、规律的生活，是自我修养的物质基础。
Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for self-cultivation.

4、“五四”运动促成中国工人同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
The May 4th Movement was instrumental in bringing about the combination of Marxism with Chinese workers’ movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China’s new-democratic revolution.

5、唯物论和辩证法则要用力气，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检验，不用力气就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。
Materialism and dialectics, on the other hand, demand effort. They must be based on and submitted to the test of objective reality. Unless one makes the effort, one is liable to drift into idealism and metaphysics.
（一）企业名称的特点与翻译
  目前，中国企业的名称，大都也是以“公司”命名。企业的名称一般可以分成两大部分。
例如：
1、  天津 丽明 化妆品 // 工业公司
    A   B   C      D
Tianjin Liming Cosmetics Industrial Company
2、  香港 美丽华 酒店 // 有限公司
     A   B    C      D
Hotel Miramar Co., Ltd., Hongkong
3、  中国 东方 科学仪器 // 进出口公司
    A   B   C        D
China Oriental Scientific Instruments Imp. & Exp. Corporation
“公司”的译法
（1）从词典的释义入手
根据词典的释义，在规模上Corporation ≥ Company
在语域上Corporation ≤ Company
在语义上Corporation = Company（这是使用中造成混乱的主要原因）
（2）从用词习惯入手
  a. 从国别着手。在英国，《公司法》被称为“Company Law”，而在美国，《公司法》被称为“Corporation Law”。因此，英国公司大多数用company，而美国公司则用corporation，日本公司偏爱company，而中国人喜欢用corporation。
b. 从行规着手。
特定的企业也会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之便成了行规。最典型的是“保险公司”，无论哪里、无论规模大小，都叫“Insurance Company”。
“总公司”的译法
（1）用general  
（2）用national  
（3）将“总”字省略
用general来译“总”
1、北京建筑材料集团总公司
    Beijing Construction Material Group General Corp.
2、抚顺石油工业总公司
    Fushun General Petroleum Industry Corp.
用于厂子例子
1、上海上菱电冰箱总厂
    Shanghai Shangling Refrigerator General Factory
2、大庆石油化工总厂
    Daqing Petrochemical Industry General Factory
与外国公司名称的比较
1. America General Motors Corporation
   美国通用汽车制造公司
2. America General Electric Company
  美国通用电器公司
用national来译“总”
1、中国化工进出口总公司
China National Chemicals Import & Export Corporation
2、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation

省译“总”字
1、中国对外贸易仓储总公司
China Foreign Trade Storage Corporation
2、中国国际贸易图书总公司
China International Book Trading Corporation
3、北京对外贸易总公司
Bejing foreign Trade Corporation
4、中国石油化工总公司
China Petrochemical Corporation   
“分公司”的译法
一般用“subsidiary”或用“branch”。由于中国企业素有使用注册地址命名的习惯，因此，对于我国各级全民所有制企业，用地方名称来区别其总公司是最简捷和最普遍的做法。例如：
比较几组译文：
1.中国粮油食品进出口总公司
China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
1.陕西省粮油食品进出口公司
Shanxi Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
2.中国机械进出口总公司
China National Machinery Import & Export Corp.
2.陕西省机械进出口公司
China Sanxi Machinery Import & Export Corp.

3.中国出口商品基地建设总公司
China National Export Bases Development Corp.
3.中国出口商品基地建设湖南公司
China National Export Bases Development Hunan Corp.


4、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation
4、华润贸发进出口公司
China Resources Trade & Development Co., Ltd.
4、华润（悉尼）有限公司
Sino-Resources (Australia) Co., Ltd.
4、安徽滑润进出口有限公司
CRC, Anhui Branch

(二）企业标语口号的翻译
1、标语口号翻译的通病分析
标语翻译的通病，大体可分为三类：硬译、误译和乱译。

1）由硬译引起的翻译失误
  创一流服务，迎四海嘉宾。
  原译:Welcoming our honored guests from all over the world with the first-class service.
改译：First class service to all guests.


北岭旅游度假区是您的投资宝地。
Beiling Tourist & Holiday Spending Area is a promising land for investment.
改译：Beiling Tourist & Holiday Resort is a promising land for investment.

2）由理解失误造成的误译
创优秀旅游城市，为名城争光。
Build a China Best Tourist City to win honor for our famous city.
改译：Build a Top Tourist City of China for the honor of our famous city.

弘扬体育精神，促进国际往来。
Spreading over the physical spirits and promoting international communications.
改译： Promote sportsmanship and international exchanges.

3）乱译
xx市人民争创优秀旅游城市
   The people’s of …want to be an excellent travel city
改译：Build … into a Top Tourist city of China
…市人民政府
  The Government of People’s Republic of …
2、标语口号的特点与翻译
1）  引人注意，令人难忘
XX市公安局报警中心
原译：XX City Center of Reporting to the Police
改译：Police Report Center of XX City


来我市两天，游两个名城：国家级历史文化名城，国家级风景名胜区。
Two days in our city. A visit to “two cities”, i.e. a city famous for historical culture and scenic attraction at State Level.

2）  语句铿锵，音韵感人
酒后勿驾驶。
If you drink, you can’t drive.
服务传统，以您为尊。
原译：Your satisfaction is our pride.
改译：It’s our pride you’re satisfied.
龙舟传友谊，X市奔世界。
原译：Dragon boat delivering friendship, XX City facing the outside world.
改译：Friendship through dragon boat, XX City towards the world.
3、语言冼练，扼要简明
提高生活素质，迈向美好未来。
  Better Living, Brighter Future.
  今年更多新货，价格更加优惠。
  More for less this year.

4、句法独特，简洁有力
惠康超级市场，价格始终最平。
Wellcome prices still lowest.
安全环境齐手创，各行各业乐安康。
原译：Work for a safer, healthier work place.
改译：Work for a safer place for work.

立足中华，面向世界，走向未来。
Base on China, orient to the world and aim at the future.
全面开创社会主义现代化建设的新局面。
原译：Create a new situation of the socialist modernization construction in all round way.
改译：Create a new situation, modernize in all fields.

海洋蓝

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