汉译英笔记

水语清叶

翻译课笔记，来自陆老师课件

      Lecture One

英语基本句型与汉译英
Basic English Sentence Patterns & C-E Translation



英语五种基本句型
1．S + Vi.  
2．S + Vi. + P
3．S + Vt. + O
4．S + Vt. + o + O
5．S + Vt. + O + OC


1． 利用第一句型进行翻译（主语　＋　谓语）
１） 鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。
Birds dwell in a tree by the pond,
A monk knocks at the door under the moon.
2）卧不安席，食不甘味，心摇摇如悬旌。（国策）
I do not sleep soundly, eat heartily, and my heart leaps all the time.

3）臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年；祖孙二人，相依为命。（李密）
I could not have lived till today without my grandmother, and she would not survive in her later days without me. Both my grandmother and I rely on each other so as to exist in this world.
Practice (1)
1） 浩月当空。
The moon shines brightly.
2） 日出于东而落于西。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3） 到了春天美丽的花朵开遍原野。
In spring beautiful flowers bloom in the open country.

2. 根据第二句型翻译（S+Vi+P）
１） 他直到最后都是很忠实的。
He remained faithful to the last.
２） 她渐入老境。
She is growing (or getting) old.
３） 他直到四十岁才结婚。
He remained unmarried until forty years old.
Practice (2)
1） 他生为圣徒，死为烈士。
He lived a saint, and died a martyr.
2） 鸟鸣山更幽。
It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.
3） 良药苦口利于病。
Good medicine tastes bitter (to the mouth), but is good for a disease.

３、利用第三句型进行翻译 (S + Vt. + O)
1） 我知道如何游泳。
    I know how to swim.
2）勤能补拙。
    Diligence makes up the deficiency in ability.
1) 具有"夺取"意义的动词
在具有“夺取、除去、减轻、发表”等意义的他动词后面，被夺取或除去的对象不能译成宾语，而要加一个介词“of”把对象引出来，方在句尾。
比如：
强盗抢了他的钱。
A highwayman robbed him of his money.
他们把海上的强盗一扫而光。
They cleared the sea of those robbers.


2) 具有"供给"意义的动词
具有“供给”等意义的他动词，不能直接把所供给的事物作为宾语，必须用介词with将事物引出来。只有受到供给的人或物才能成为宾语，直接接在他动词的后面
比如：
该公司提供给我们款项来做那个工程。
The company supplied us with money for the project.
委员会赐给他一张奖状。
The committee presented him with a reward.
provide somebody with
furnish … with   
load the cart with straw

3) 具有"作成"意义的动词。
具有“作成、制造”等意义的动词，句中of所引出的名词是作成什么的材料。如果改变原料本质，则用from,并用into表示成品。

比如：
他们用木头做了一张书桌。
They made a desk of wood.
那个农民用葡萄酿酒。
The farmer made wine from grapes.
The farmer made grapes into wine.
我经常愚弄他。
I often make a fool of him.
我专攻英语
I make a special study of English.
4）具有“拉、抓、拿、击、打、踢”等意义的他动词。
这些动词不把直接接受动作的人身上某一部分作为宾语，而要把那个人当作对象来说，是从大处着眼的意思，同时把身上的某个部分作为某个介词的宾语。可以采用“介词 + the +名词”的形式，把它放在宾语的后面。

比如：
他轻拍我的背。
He patted me on the back.
老人抓住了那孩子的衣领。
The old man seized the boy by the collar.
她打了他一记耳光。
She strikes him across the face.
5) 自动词用于第三句型的情况：
（1） 同源宾语
（2）含使动意义的自动词
（3）接介词
（4）加补足词。
Practice (4)
我做了一个怪梦。
I dreamed a strange dream.
我慢慢地把马赶上了山。
I slowly walked my horse up the hill.
她年轻时，好多男人追她。
She was much run after in her youth.
人生可不能醉生梦死。
One must not sleep or dream one's life away.
Practice (3)
他喜欢在大河里游泳。
He likes to swim in the rivers.
他逃避了处罚。
He escaped being punished.
时间在这个小城造成了许多变化。
Time has wrought many changes in the town.
群众大声喝倒彩把演讲者轰下台来。
The crowd shouted down the speaker.
4. 利用第四句型翻译 (S + Vt. + o + O)
1）授予动词
2）告知动词
3）贡献动词
4）得失动词


Practice (5)
历史给我们提供了值得注意的经验。
History affords us lessons that merit attention.
我教你们汉英翻译。
I teach you C-E translation
她愿意为你效劳。
She will render you a service.
此话让我们对他失去同情。
The remark lost him our sympathy.
5. 利用第五句型翻译（S+Vt.+O+OC ）
（1） 认识动词，即有心灵感觉（mental perception）的动词，其属格补语主要是表示性质的。如：think，consider，call，believe，imagine，find，prove 等。在那宾格与补语之间，有时可以加上"to be"的字眼。

那孩子走出学校进入社会时，并不以为统治是荒诞的，权威是可笑的。
When he left the school and entered the world, the boy is not disposed to consider rule absurd and authority ridiculous.

２） 感觉动词，即有身体感觉（physical perception）动词，有see，hear，feel，want，wish，like，hold，keep，leave，have，wear 等。

现今我觉得我的生活有说不出的空虚。
Now I feel my life unspeakably empty.
３） 有些作为动词，在宾格补语之前，有加上一个as 的必要。
他们认为已经绝望，就把他放弃了。
    They gave him up as hopeless.


４） 有些宾格补语是表示由那动作的结果而产生的状态。这类动词多半有使动意义（make，render，set，drive，etc）或表示一般的动作（strike，beat，shoot，fold, keep）


他的一切麻烦我会解决的。
I will set all his troubles right.
我们靠希望而生存。
Hope keeps us alive.

５） 反身自动词如要宾格补语时，也像作为动词时一样，那个补语是表示动作的结果所产生的状态。
他们谈着话不知不觉地睡着了。
They talked themselves asleep.

小S

LZ打个包传上来，好么？我们好下载啊~谢谢了~

水语清叶

引用第43楼linbo于2006-06-15 17:42发表的“”:
哇！~~~  好东西
以后可以逃课了！~  哈哈

兄弟，想的还真是。。。

水语清叶

引用第42楼约会自己于2006-06-13 23:08发表的“”:
真是太感谢你了！
不过是不是少了第十三讲？ 貌似考试涉及很多呢  我没抄全  
抓狂ING～ [s:8]

考试会涉及吗？
不会吧？

水语清叶

第十三讲 企事业广告与广告套话的翻译
Lecture Thirteen
Translation of Enterprise and Institutional Ads
English version to the last
1、随函附寄最新目录和价目单。请注意，我方货物系自己生产，且不通过任何中间商，直接出口，故价格比其他竞争者均优惠。
Enclosed are our latest catalogs and price list. Please note that the prices are much lower than those of other competitors, because we manufacture the goods ourselves and export direct to you, not though any middlemen.

2、承蒙建议承当我方代理，但因我们之间尚不十分熟悉，不如待日后做开交易，在谈此事为宜。
We appreciate your proposal of acting as our agent. However, as we are not yet thoroughly acquainted, we think it is better to discuss the matter sometime later when some practical transactions have been done.


3、本实施细则自发布之日起施行。
    This set of detailed rules goes into effect as of the date of its promulgation.


1. 英汉语企事业广告表达风格上的差异
一般而言，英语企事业广告大多语言简洁精练，客观通俗，表达方式直截了当，就事论事，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，易于记忆。
例如：
The Firm Sinter
The objective of the firm is to satisfy the buyers with high quality service of its broad production program.
The Sinter disposes to perform these services on the highest possible level, besides 45 years of work experience also with:
·6,500 sq. meters of modernly equipped production and business premises.

25,000 sq. meters of storages for raw materials and for finished products.
·its own modernly equipped development and research laboratory.
·High professional skill of its technical and administrative personnel.
This firm Sinter was founded in 1957. In 2000 it is present, with its sales net in 14 countries of Europe and Asia already.

相对而言，汉语企事业广告文体大多形式比较单一，行文用字近似“八股”，用词颇为夸张，语言较为堆砌，四言八句口号多，篇章布局讲究起承转合。
例如：
………………………………
……。在企业通过了中国GB/T19001-ISO9001和美国AAR协会M-1003质量体系认证以及M-210产品实物认证，并荣获“国家一级企业”、“国家质量管理奖”和“全国五一劳动奖状”等一系列称号，企业连续48年盈利。
……，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风、再造新世纪辉煌、再为社会主义增光”的宏伟意愿，朝着“发展规模集团化、产品品种系列化、市场营销国际化、企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一、用户至上”的宗旨，……
2、 汉语企事业广告的翻译策略
1）辨明“虚实”，突出“信息”功能
例如：     
随着我国汽车工业的飞速发展，汽车家庭化、大众化已成事实，人车一体化的生活逐渐成为时尚，爱车养车理念已渐入人心。所以，汽车美容养护势如破竹，前景一片光明。

With the rapid development of domestic auto industry in China, it’s become a fashion for people to enjoy a life with their own cars, which, therefore, brings about a good opportunity to develop the auto beauty and maintenance service.

2）避免“八股”，注意“内外有别”
我公司95、96年分别实现产值400万美圆、500万美圆，销售收入420万美圆、550万美圆，连续两年利税超过150万美圆，成为舟山市经济效益支柱产业，自95年以来，先后被授予“岱山县城市经济功勋企业”、“舟山市经济效益支柱企业”、“浙江省供销合作社十强工业企业”、“银行信誉AAA企业”，95年在全国供销工业企业经济效益百强中排名第十八位，并被批准为“中华人民共和国海关保税厂”。

The annual output of the corporation amounted to respectively to USD 4 million in 1994 and USD 5 million in 1995, with an annual sales income each up to USD 4.2 million and USD 5.5 million. The annual profits and taxes turned in more than USD 1.5 million successively in 1994 and 1995, which entitles it to many honorable titles granted by both local and state governments. It has now become a pillar enterprise in Zhoushan City and enjoys the privilege of the “bonded factory” authorized in 1995 by China Customs Administration.
3）分清主从，理顺逻辑语义关系
快速反应，马上行动，质量第一、信誉至上是公司的宗旨。我们将以客户的需求为发展动力，为用户提供满意的产品及优质的服务。


原译：Our tenet is “Quick reflection, Immediate action, Quality first”. We will be always pursuing what you need and provide you with satisfactory products and to-notch service.
改译：Under the principle of “promptness, quality and credit”, we will offer you our products and service to your every satisfaction.
或We will offer you our products and services to your every satisfaction with promptness, quality and credit.
4）注意篇章整合，照应上下文语义
普陀山属亚热带海洋性季风气候，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒，温和湿润，四季宜人。岛上植被丰茂，种类繁多，有“海岛植物园”之称。有为引人注目的“千年樟”，树干周围有七米多，伟枝横空，苍劲挺拔，冠盖数亩，生机勃发。还有“普陀鹅耳枥”，虽貌不惊人，却属当世罕见珍木。此外，有野茶花和水仙花，特别是“普陀水仙”，为我国水仙三大名品之一。古树珍木，奇花异草，把名山普陀装点得更具迷人魅力。

原译：Mount Putuo belongs to the subtropical marine monsoon climate. It is cool in summer and warm in winter, mild and damp, and pleasing in four seasons. It is known as a “botanical garden on the sea island, for various kinds of vegetation on the island are plentiful and luxuriant. Especially the spectacular “thousand-year-old camphor tree”whose tree trunk is 7 meters in circumference, hardy and old great branches shooting into the sky, capping several mu is thriving with life.

Besides, the “Putuo Hornbean Tree”belongs to the rarely precious tree in today’s world though its appearance is not pleasing to the eye. Furthermore, precious flowers are wild camellias and narcissuses, especially for the “Putuo narcissus”which is one of the three famous ones in our country. Embellished with ancient and precious trees, and marvelous flowers and rare plants, Mount Putuo looks more beautiful than ever.（《普陀山》舟山市普陀山管理局编）

改译： Mount Putuo has long been known as a“botanical garden on the sea island”for its variety of plentiful and luxuriant vegetation, as its climate is mild and damp in all four seasons due to its location in the subtropical marine monsoon region. The spectacular“thousand-year-old camphor tree”and the rare “Putuo hornnean tree”, which are the treasures of this area, are especially eye-catching. Besides, it has wild camellias and narcissuses, and particularly the “Putuo narcissus”, which is rated as one of the three great famous narcissuses in China. Indeed, the mount is a very attractive place，charmingly decorated with old trees, exotic flowers and rare plants.
4．企业广告套话英译
A. 企业概况介绍中的套话
1、  介绍企业成立的年份，
如：创建于……年
   be set up in… / be founded in…
   有……年的历史
   to have a history of … years


2、  介绍企业的地理位置
如：本公司位于……
Located in…, this company …/ situated at …, this company…
3、  介绍企业生产某种产品具有多少年的经验
如：具有……年生产……的经验
to have (with) experience of …years in production of …
4、  介绍企业的实力
如：具有雄厚的技术力量和经济实力
with rich technical and economical resource

5、  介绍企业人力资源情况
如：现有职工……人，其中工程技术人员……人。
To have … staff members and workers, including engineering and technical personnel of…
6、  介绍企业的版图。
如：本厂占地面积为……平方米，其中建筑面积为……平方米。
This factory covers an area of …sqm., including a total floor space of …sqm.


7、  介绍企业拥有的设备情况。
如：拥有生产设备……台（套），其中引进国外先进生产线……条。
To have … sets of processing equipment and … production lines imported from aboard.
8、  介绍企业固定资产情况
如： 具有固定资产……元。
    To have (with) fixed assets of … yuan

9、  介绍企业的生产能力和产值
如： 具有每年生产……台的能力。
    With an annual output of … sets
    年总产值可达……元。
    With an annual output value of … yuan
10、  介绍企业具有多少种类的
如：具有……大类，……品种的系列产品。
To have (with) … categories and … varieties of products

11、  介绍企业的装备和管理情况
如：测试设备齐全、拥有严格的质量、生产管理系统。
  To have complete testing devices and strict quality and production management system
12、  介绍企业在开发新产品方面的努力
如：高度重视科技进步、积极吸收国际先进技术、不断开发更新产品。
To attach importance to scientific and technical improvement, actively absorb the international advanced technology, increasingly develop and upgrade its products.

B. 产品介绍中的套话
13、介绍产品的用途和适用范围
如：用于……
be used for (in, to) …./ be suitable for … / be employed for…
对……有效
to have … action against… / exert… action against…

14、介绍产品所达到的技术水平或标准
　　如：按……标准设计制造。
　　　　To be designed and manufactured according to standard(s)
      处于国内领先地位。
　　　　Be in the leading position in China
      通过省级鉴定。
　　　　Passed provincial appraisement
      居同类产品之魁首
　　　　to rank first among similar products

15、介绍产品的销售情况
　  如：产品畅销全国，并出口……等地。
　　　　The products sell well across the country and export to …
      畅销全球。
　　　　Selling well all over the world
      备有现货，交货迅速。
　　　　Stocks are always available in large quantity for prompt delivery
      行销世界
　　　　to win warm praises from customers
      深受国内外客户的青睐。
　　　　Be well received by customers at home and abroad

16、介绍企业产品规格品种的情况
  如：规格齐全
     complete range of specifications / complete in specifications
     品种齐全
     complete range of articles
     款式齐全
     various styles
     品种繁多
     wide varieties

17、介绍企业机械电子产品，常使用的套语
  如：设计新颖，工艺先进
     novel in design and advanced in technology
     使用安全，性能可靠
     safe operation and dependable performance
     结构坚固，经久耐用
     sturdy construction and durable in use
     操作方便，易于维修

体积小重量轻
     compact and light
     噪音低，耗能少
     low noise and less energy
     性能达到90年代先进水平
     with performance up to the advanced level of 1990s

18、介绍企业轻工产品如服装、食品、手工艺品等
  如：造型美观，款式新颖
     aesthetic appearance and novel design
     华丽臻美，色泽鲜艳
     beautiful and charming, bright in colour
     选料考究，手感舒服
     selected material and comfortable feel

烹制简便，口味鲜美
     convenient to cook and delicious in taste
     技艺精湛，做工讲究
     fine craftsmanship and exquisite workmanship

C. 企业与产品的信誉介绍
19、说明企业或产品获得某种荣誉称号
  如：为国家外贸出口基地，荣获国家……级企业称号。
be authorized by the government as a foreign trade base for export, and be entitled a level enterprise of the state
本企业“是……部定点生产……的专业企业，省级先进企业。
To be franchised producer of …by the ministry of … and a provincial advanced enterprise


本公司“主要产品是……部优秀产品
the major products are quality products named by the ministry of …
本产品“荣获……部最受欢迎的商品称号”
to be conferred the title of the Most Welcome Commodity by the Ministry of…
本产品“连续……年被国家审定为……级产品”
to be examined and approved as the … grade products of the country for successive …years


20、说明获奖情况
:如：本公司的产品“在……展览会上获优质产品奖”
   won the award of High Quality Product at the … Exhibition
   本产品“荣获……部科技成果奖”
   won the prize for achievements in science and technology for the Ministry of …
    荣获银质奖
   to be awarded a silver medal

21、说明获得荣誉证书情况
如：产品“获……部优秀新产品证书”
   to be awarded with the certificate of excellent new product issued by the ministry of …
  本产品“在各类展评中多次获奖，并获……颁发的出口许可证”
  won many prizes in different affairs, and obtained the export license issued by …
D. 广告结束语
22、本企业“信奉质量第一，用户至上的宗旨”
   to adhere to the motto of quality first, customer supremacy. Customers both home and abroad are welcome to hold business talks with us.
23、本企业“竭诚欢迎海内外同行加强联系”
   sincerely wish o strengthen business relationship with counterparts both at home and abroad

24、本公司“随时准备为客户体统服务”
   to be ready to provide excellent services to customers
25、本公司“欢迎洽谈订购”
   enquiries are cordially welcome
26、本公司“备有各种款式的现货，任君挑选”
   available in various designs and specifications for your selection

27、本公司“欢迎与海外客商加强合作、建立和发展贸易关系”
   Customers all over the world are welcome to establish and develop business contacts
28、本公司“备有详细目录，惠索即寄”
   Catalogues will be sent upon request.

29、本公司“欢迎批发零售”
   Wholesale and retail are welcome.
30、请勿错过机会，欢迎电话联系“
   Don’t delay! Call today!

linbo

哇！~~~  好东西
以后可以逃课了！~  哈哈

约会自己

真是太感谢你了！
不过是不是少了第十三讲？ 貌似考试涉及很多呢  我没抄全  
抓狂ING～ [s:8]

水语清叶

第十二讲  企业涉外合同与文书的翻译
Lecture Twelve
Translation of Enterprise Foreign Contract and Letters
A、涉外合同特点与翻译
1、涉外合同翻译条理性
合同文体最显著的特点就是条理清晰、提纲挈领、项目分明、一目了然。一般说来，并列的项目都具有同等契约效力。因此翻译时必须严格按照原文的体例布局。
合同的“第几条”有如下表示：
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3 等表示。
也有的用“第几章”，如：
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3等来表示。
条、款、项的表示方法通常如下：
条：1.        2.         3.……
款：1.1      1.2         1.3 ……
项：a.        b.          c.. ……
也有的是这样表示的：
条：1.        2.          3.……
款：a.        b.          c.……
项：i.        ii.          iii ……
2、涉外合同的规范性
   （ 1）结构与格式相对固定
较完整的涉外合同通常由四项构成：
1、 标题
2、 前文（一般包括订约时间、订约地点、订约当事人、订约缘由。）
3、 正文（一般包括定义条款、双方当事人的权利与义务、合同的效期、合同的终止、合同的转让、合同的修改、不可抗力、仲裁、适用法等。）
4、 结尾条款（一般包括合同文字效力、分数、附件等未尽事宜及双方代表签字。）
（2）措辞规范、统一
   为了避免理解上的歧义，合同中的某些术语或相关词语，在翻译时，原则上要求前后统一。合同文字，沿用已久，约定俗成，其中有许多词语都已有习惯的译法，熟悉这套词语，无疑有助于提高翻译涉外合同的效率和质量。
例如：
甲方 / 乙方
Party A / Party B
Side A / Side B
The First Party / the Second Party
The Party of the first part / the Party of the second part
丙方 / 第三方
the Third Party

当事人     
the Party
当事人一方  
one Party
双方      
both Parties
双方当事人   
the Parties
有关方      
Party concerned

买方      
the Buyer / the Vendee / the Purchaser
卖方      
the Seller / the Vendor / the Supplier
派出方 / 接受方
the Sending Party / the Receiving Party
委托人 / 代理人
the Principal / the Agent

转让方 / 受让方
the Transferer / the Transferee
出让方 / 受让方
the Licensor / the Licensee
承包方 / 建造方
the Contractor / the Builder

以下简称甲方（乙方）
hereinafter referred to as Party A (Party B)
hereinafter called Party A (Party B)
hereinafter Party A (Party B)
called Party (Party B)


鉴于        
whereas
前款        
the proceeding paragraph
证明        
witness / witnesseth
特此证明      
in witness whereof

有效        
remain valid / remain in force / remain good
生效        
come into force / take effect / become effective
无效        
become null and void

按照、依据   
in accordance with / in compliance with
具有同等法律效力
possess the same legal validity ./ be equally authentic
对……具约束力  
be binding upon
（表示金额）大写
SAY

（表示金额）整  
ONLY
以……为条件  
(be) subject to
欺瞒、失效   
expire / expiration


此外，涉外合同还常用一些副词+介词的组合词。这些词语虽“言之无物”，但酌情使用，能给人一种正式文书的持重感。

例如：
hereby: by this means
herein: in this
hereof: of , or concerning this
hereto: to this
herewith: with this
whereby: by which

1、下述签署人兹保证，供货将在日本国内制造。
The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan.
2、附寄目前可供化工产品货单一纸，请查收。
Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present.

3、涉外合同严谨性
合同属于法律性文献，明确规定当事人双方（或各方）的权利和义务，行文措辞都必须滴水不漏。如何使译文严谨，可以从以下几个方面着手：
（1）注意and / or 的运用
and / or
是一种连接并列结构的省略形式，其具体意思是“A and B + A or B”。

1、在信用证事务中，各有关方面处理的是单据，而不是与单据有关的货物、服务/或其它行为。
In credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents and not in goods, services and / or other performances to which the documents my relate.

2、上述证明书对托运人、收货人和（或）任何本提单持有人都是决定性反证。
The aforesaid certificate shall be conclusive evidence against the shipper, receiver and / or any holder of the Bill of Lading.

（2）注意时间的译法
1、装运日期不得晚于1993年3月31日，并须由“和平”轮装运。
Shipment is to be made on or before March 31, 1993, per S.S. “Peace”.
2、本报盘有效期至2005年6月30日（含30日）。
The offer remains in force till June 30, 2005 (inclusive).
（3）注意金额、数字的译法
这种型号的机器每台单价为34652日圆（大写：叁万肆仟陆佰伍拾贰日圆整）
The unit price this type of machine is 34652 Japanese yen (SAY: JP￥THIRTY FOUR THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY TWO ONLY).

（4）注意涉外合同中的某些措辞理解和翻译
   应用文体虽有平易化的趋势，但除少数体式外（如广告），总的来说，措辞简明、庄重，属于正式的书面语体，翻译时应避免使用口语体词语。所以在汉英翻译时酌情使用英语书面词语，这样往往可以起到言简意赅的效果。
合同中所使用的常见汉语文言虚词：
即：也就是；立刻、马上
兹、现、今：现在
均、皆、概：都、全
本：我们、这个
如：如果
之：的

未：没有
至：到
系：是
业已：已经
此处：这里
一味：
与否：

1）如蒙即复，不胜感激。
We should appreciate a prompt reply.
2）如订购2000套以上，我方准备特价报盘，每套9。10美圆，即给5%的回扣。
On condition that you order more than 2,000 sets, we are prepared to offer special price of US$9.10 per set, a 5% discount.

3）兹证明，英文译文和中文正本内容相符。
   This is to certify that the English translated copy attached hereto is in conformity with the Chinese original copy.
4） 现函复贵方3月25日询价，并报盘如下：
In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:


5）本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
  This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.
6） 根据双方协议条款，我们已开具了这批船货的即期汇票，通过此处中国银行转去，请见票即付。
According to the terms agreed upon, we have drawn on you at sight against shipment through Bank of China here. We would ask you to protect the draft upon presentation.


7） 中国___ 公司与___ 国__ 公司遵照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营法》及有关法律的规定，本着平等互利的原则，同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业，兹签订本合同。
In accordance with the stipulations of “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, ____ of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and ____ of ____, both agree to establish a Joint Venture Enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.
B. 涉外文书的翻译原则
1、措辞要委婉
   在翻译涉外文书时，措辞要讲究分寸，得体，避免刺激对方，即使向对方抱怨，甚至要求索赔，也要彬彬有礼。
例如：
1） 如果不给3%的折扣，我们恐怕很难成交。
I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount.
2） 你方必须按合同规定的期限将货装上“东风轮”，否则，空舱费将由你方负责。
You must deliver the goods on board the S.S. “East Wind” within the time limit as stipulated in our contract, otherwise dead freight, if any, should be borne by you.

3） 顺便奉告，我方产品在市场上独占鳌头。
We might say that our product are the very best on the market.

2、行文要严谨
    （1）离岸价条款：
a. 按合同规定卖方应在装运之前30天用电报或函件通知买方合同号码、品名、数量、价值、箱号、毛重、尺寸及何时可在发运港口交货，以便买方订舱。
b. 卖方对运货船抵达后由于未能按期将货物运交装运港口而造成的误船或滞留装运应承担责任。
c. 在货物装运之前，卖方应承担货物的全部费用和风险，而在货物装运之后，货物的全部费用则由买方承担。


Terms of Payment:
(1)  In case of FOB Terms
a. The Seller shall, 30 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the contract, advise the Buyer by cable / letter of the Contract No., commodity, quantity, value, number of package, gross weight, measurement and the date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.

b. The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage, should it happen that he has failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment on time.
c. The Seller shall bear all expenses, risks of the commodity before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle. After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle, all expenses of the commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account.

翻译涉外文书时应注意的几点：
1） 统一译名，避免歧义
“专有技术”，你一开始译为“technical know-how”再不要在中途改用其他的表达法。
2） 不厌其详，力求严谨
装货须在4月1日至5月1日期间完成。
a. Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on May 1 .
b. Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on May 1 both dates inclusive.

买卖双方同意，按下列条款由买方购进，由卖方出售下述商品，并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
3） 推敲词义，准确措辞
1、外国合营者和中国合营者
a. foreign partners and Chinese partners
b. foreign participants and Chinese participants


2、合营者的注册资本如果转让须经合营者各方同意。
a. A transfer of the registered capital belonging to any partner shall be effected with the consent of the other partner or partners.
b. The transfer of one party’s share in the registered capital shall be effected only with the consent of the other parties to the venture.

3、鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外汇存入中国银行。
a. A foreign participant shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.
b. A foreign participant shall receive encouragements for depositing in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.
Homework for Today
1、随函附寄最新目录和价目单。请注意，我方货物系自己生产，且不通过任何中间商，直接出口，故价格比其他竞争者均优惠。
2、承蒙建议承当我方代理，但因我们之间尚不十分熟悉，不如待日后做开交易，在谈此事为宜。
3、本实施细则自发布之日起施行。

4、本合同于1995年8月15日在北京签订，一式两份每份用中、英文书就，两种文本具有同等效力。
5、任何一方提前三个月用挂号信书面通知对方，或任何一方在任何时候违背本协议任何条款，无需通知，本协议即告终止。

linbo

[s:1] dfg

海洋蓝

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水语清叶

第十一讲  汉语企业名称、标语的翻译
Lecture Eleven
Translation of Titles and Slogans of the Chinese Enterprises

1、 但是人民是最好的鉴定人，他们知道八路军新四军这时数量虽然小，质量却很高，只有它才能进行真正的人民战争，它开到抗日前线，和那里的人民相结合，其前途是无限的。


Being the best judges, the people know that despite their small number at the time, the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army were of high quality, that they alone could wage a real people’s war and that boundless prospects would open up before them once they reached the anti-Japanese fronts and joined the broad masses there.

2、又比如城市青年，或者进学校，或者到农村去，或者到工厂去，或者到边疆去，总要有个安排。
Let’s take the urban youth for example. Arrangements must be made for them in one way or another——they can go to school or work on a farm, in a factory or in a frontier area.

3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的、规律的生活，是自我修养的物质基础。
Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for self-cultivation.

4、“五四”运动促成中国工人同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
The May 4th Movement was instrumental in bringing about the combination of Marxism with Chinese workers’ movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China’s new-democratic revolution.

5、唯物论和辩证法则要用力气，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检验，不用力气就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。
Materialism and dialectics, on the other hand, demand effort. They must be based on and submitted to the test of objective reality. Unless one makes the effort, one is liable to drift into idealism and metaphysics.
（一）企业名称的特点与翻译
  目前，中国企业的名称，大都也是以“公司”命名。企业的名称一般可以分成两大部分。
例如：
1、  天津 丽明 化妆品 // 工业公司
    A   B   C      D
Tianjin Liming Cosmetics Industrial Company
2、  香港 美丽华 酒店 // 有限公司
     A   B    C      D
Hotel Miramar Co., Ltd., Hongkong
3、  中国 东方 科学仪器 // 进出口公司
    A   B   C        D
China Oriental Scientific Instruments Imp. & Exp. Corporation
“公司”的译法
（1）从词典的释义入手
根据词典的释义，在规模上Corporation ≥ Company
在语域上Corporation ≤ Company
在语义上Corporation = Company（这是使用中造成混乱的主要原因）
（2）从用词习惯入手
  a. 从国别着手。在英国，《公司法》被称为“Company Law”，而在美国，《公司法》被称为“Corporation Law”。因此，英国公司大多数用company，而美国公司则用corporation，日本公司偏爱company，而中国人喜欢用corporation。
b. 从行规着手。
特定的企业也会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之便成了行规。最典型的是“保险公司”，无论哪里、无论规模大小，都叫“Insurance Company”。
“总公司”的译法
（1）用general  
（2）用national  
（3）将“总”字省略
用general来译“总”
1、北京建筑材料集团总公司
    Beijing Construction Material Group General Corp.
2、抚顺石油工业总公司
    Fushun General Petroleum Industry Corp.
用于厂子例子
1、上海上菱电冰箱总厂
    Shanghai Shangling Refrigerator General Factory
2、大庆石油化工总厂
    Daqing Petrochemical Industry General Factory
与外国公司名称的比较
1. America General Motors Corporation
   美国通用汽车制造公司
2. America General Electric Company
  美国通用电器公司
用national来译“总”
1、中国化工进出口总公司
China National Chemicals Import & Export Corporation
2、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation

省译“总”字
1、中国对外贸易仓储总公司
China Foreign Trade Storage Corporation
2、中国国际贸易图书总公司
China International Book Trading Corporation
3、北京对外贸易总公司
Bejing foreign Trade Corporation
4、中国石油化工总公司
China Petrochemical Corporation   
“分公司”的译法
一般用“subsidiary”或用“branch”。由于中国企业素有使用注册地址命名的习惯，因此，对于我国各级全民所有制企业，用地方名称来区别其总公司是最简捷和最普遍的做法。例如：
比较几组译文：
1.中国粮油食品进出口总公司
China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
1.陕西省粮油食品进出口公司
Shanxi Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
2.中国机械进出口总公司
China National Machinery Import & Export Corp.
2.陕西省机械进出口公司
China Sanxi Machinery Import & Export Corp.

3.中国出口商品基地建设总公司
China National Export Bases Development Corp.
3.中国出口商品基地建设湖南公司
China National Export Bases Development Hunan Corp.


4、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation
4、华润贸发进出口公司
China Resources Trade & Development Co., Ltd.
4、华润（悉尼）有限公司
Sino-Resources (Australia) Co., Ltd.
4、安徽滑润进出口有限公司
CRC, Anhui Branch

(二）企业标语口号的翻译
1、标语口号翻译的通病分析
标语翻译的通病，大体可分为三类：硬译、误译和乱译。

1）由硬译引起的翻译失误
  创一流服务，迎四海嘉宾。
  原译:Welcoming our honored guests from all over the world with the first-class service.
改译：First class service to all guests.


北岭旅游度假区是您的投资宝地。
Beiling Tourist & Holiday Spending Area is a promising land for investment.
改译：Beiling Tourist & Holiday Resort is a promising land for investment.

2）由理解失误造成的误译
创优秀旅游城市，为名城争光。
Build a China Best Tourist City to win honor for our famous city.
改译：Build a Top Tourist City of China for the honor of our famous city.

弘扬体育精神，促进国际往来。
Spreading over the physical spirits and promoting international communications.
改译： Promote sportsmanship and international exchanges.

3）乱译
xx市人民争创优秀旅游城市
   The people’s of …want to be an excellent travel city
改译：Build … into a Top Tourist city of China
…市人民政府
  The Government of People’s Republic of …
2、标语口号的特点与翻译
1）  引人注意，令人难忘
XX市公安局报警中心
原译：XX City Center of Reporting to the Police
改译：Police Report Center of XX City


来我市两天，游两个名城：国家级历史文化名城，国家级风景名胜区。
Two days in our city. A visit to “two cities”, i.e. a city famous for historical culture and scenic attraction at State Level.

2）  语句铿锵，音韵感人
酒后勿驾驶。
If you drink, you can’t drive.
服务传统，以您为尊。
原译：Your satisfaction is our pride.
改译：It’s our pride you’re satisfied.
龙舟传友谊，X市奔世界。
原译：Dragon boat delivering friendship, XX City facing the outside world.
改译：Friendship through dragon boat, XX City towards the world.
3、语言冼练，扼要简明
提高生活素质，迈向美好未来。
  Better Living, Brighter Future.
  今年更多新货，价格更加优惠。
  More for less this year.

4、句法独特，简洁有力
惠康超级市场，价格始终最平。
Wellcome prices still lowest.
安全环境齐手创，各行各业乐安康。
原译：Work for a safer, healthier work place.
改译：Work for a safer place for work.

立足中华，面向世界，走向未来。
Base on China, orient to the world and aim at the future.
全面开创社会主义现代化建设的新局面。
原译：Create a new situation of the socialist modernization construction in all round way.
改译：Create a new situation, modernize in all fields.