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标题: 汉译英笔记 [打印本页]

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-3-14 06:12
标题: 汉译英笔记
翻译课笔记，来自陆老师课件

      Lecture One

英语基本句型与汉译英
Basic English Sentence Patterns & C-E Translation



英语五种基本句型
1．S + Vi.  
2．S + Vi. + P
3．S + Vt. + O
4．S + Vt. + o + O
5．S + Vt. + O + OC


1． 利用第一句型进行翻译（主语　＋　谓语）
１） 鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。
Birds dwell in a tree by the pond,
A monk knocks at the door under the moon.
2）卧不安席，食不甘味，心摇摇如悬旌。（国策）
I do not sleep soundly, eat heartily, and my heart leaps all the time.

3）臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年；祖孙二人，相依为命。（李密）
I could not have lived till today without my grandmother, and she would not survive in her later days without me. Both my grandmother and I rely on each other so as to exist in this world.
Practice (1)
1） 浩月当空。
The moon shines brightly.
2） 日出于东而落于西。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3） 到了春天美丽的花朵开遍原野。
In spring beautiful flowers bloom in the open country.

2. 根据第二句型翻译（S+Vi+P）
１） 他直到最后都是很忠实的。
He remained faithful to the last.
２） 她渐入老境。
She is growing (or getting) old.
３） 他直到四十岁才结婚。
He remained unmarried until forty years old.
Practice (2)
1） 他生为圣徒，死为烈士。
He lived a saint, and died a martyr.
2） 鸟鸣山更幽。
It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.
3） 良药苦口利于病。
Good medicine tastes bitter (to the mouth), but is good for a disease.

３、利用第三句型进行翻译 (S + Vt. + O)
1） 我知道如何游泳。
    I know how to swim.
2）勤能补拙。
    Diligence makes up the deficiency in ability.
1) 具有"夺取"意义的动词
在具有“夺取、除去、减轻、发表”等意义的他动词后面，被夺取或除去的对象不能译成宾语，而要加一个介词“of”把对象引出来，方在句尾。
比如：
强盗抢了他的钱。
A highwayman robbed him of his money.
他们把海上的强盗一扫而光。
They cleared the sea of those robbers.


2) 具有"供给"意义的动词
具有“供给”等意义的他动词，不能直接把所供给的事物作为宾语，必须用介词with将事物引出来。只有受到供给的人或物才能成为宾语，直接接在他动词的后面
比如：
该公司提供给我们款项来做那个工程。
The company supplied us with money for the project.
委员会赐给他一张奖状。
The committee presented him with a reward.
provide somebody with
furnish … with   
load the cart with straw

3) 具有"作成"意义的动词。
具有“作成、制造”等意义的动词，句中of所引出的名词是作成什么的材料。如果改变原料本质，则用from,并用into表示成品。

比如：
他们用木头做了一张书桌。
They made a desk of wood.
那个农民用葡萄酿酒。
The farmer made wine from grapes.
The farmer made grapes into wine.
我经常愚弄他。
I often make a fool of him.
我专攻英语
I make a special study of English.
4）具有“拉、抓、拿、击、打、踢”等意义的他动词。
这些动词不把直接接受动作的人身上某一部分作为宾语，而要把那个人当作对象来说，是从大处着眼的意思，同时把身上的某个部分作为某个介词的宾语。可以采用“介词 + the +名词”的形式，把它放在宾语的后面。

比如：
他轻拍我的背。
He patted me on the back.
老人抓住了那孩子的衣领。
The old man seized the boy by the collar.
她打了他一记耳光。
She strikes him across the face.
5) 自动词用于第三句型的情况：
（1） 同源宾语
（2）含使动意义的自动词
（3）接介词
（4）加补足词。
Practice (4)
我做了一个怪梦。
I dreamed a strange dream.
我慢慢地把马赶上了山。
I slowly walked my horse up the hill.
她年轻时，好多男人追她。
She was much run after in her youth.
人生可不能醉生梦死。
One must not sleep or dream one's life away.
Practice (3)
他喜欢在大河里游泳。
He likes to swim in the rivers.
他逃避了处罚。
He escaped being punished.
时间在这个小城造成了许多变化。
Time has wrought many changes in the town.
群众大声喝倒彩把演讲者轰下台来。
The crowd shouted down the speaker.
4. 利用第四句型翻译 (S + Vt. + o + O)
1）授予动词
2）告知动词
3）贡献动词
4）得失动词


Practice (5)
历史给我们提供了值得注意的经验。
History affords us lessons that merit attention.
我教你们汉英翻译。
I teach you C-E translation
她愿意为你效劳。
She will render you a service.
此话让我们对他失去同情。
The remark lost him our sympathy.
5. 利用第五句型翻译（S+Vt.+O+OC ）
（1） 认识动词，即有心灵感觉（mental perception）的动词，其属格补语主要是表示性质的。如：think，consider，call，believe，imagine，find，prove 等。在那宾格与补语之间，有时可以加上"to be"的字眼。

那孩子走出学校进入社会时，并不以为统治是荒诞的，权威是可笑的。
When he left the school and entered the world, the boy is not disposed to consider rule absurd and authority ridiculous.

２） 感觉动词，即有身体感觉（physical perception）动词，有see，hear，feel，want，wish，like，hold，keep，leave，have，wear 等。

现今我觉得我的生活有说不出的空虚。
Now I feel my life unspeakably empty.
３） 有些作为动词，在宾格补语之前，有加上一个as 的必要。
他们认为已经绝望，就把他放弃了。
    They gave him up as hopeless.


４） 有些宾格补语是表示由那动作的结果而产生的状态。这类动词多半有使动意义（make，render，set，drive，etc）或表示一般的动作（strike，beat，shoot，fold, keep）


他的一切麻烦我会解决的。
I will set all his troubles right.
我们靠希望而生存。
Hope keeps us alive.

５） 反身自动词如要宾格补语时，也像作为动词时一样，那个补语是表示动作的结果所产生的状态。
他们谈着话不知不觉地睡着了。
They talked themselves asleep.

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-3-14 06:13
第二讲  汉英词语用法对比与翻译
         Lecture Two  
Comparison Between
Chinese and English
Words and Their
Translation

Translation practice last week
由于连年战争，我们的生意很萧条。
Our business has suffered not a little through the war.
The effect upon our business of the war has been striking.
The war has affected our business to a remarkable extent.
The war has done our business much harm.
The war has rendered our business dull.
一、汉英时态比较与翻译
例1：二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。
（萧红《永远的憧憬和追求》）
When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.


例2：傅先生公开承认自己反动透顶，但是傅先生在和平解放北平时为人民立了功。（《毛泽东选集》第五卷）
Mr. Fu openly admits that he was utterly reactionary, yet he did a service to the people in the peaceful liberation of Beijing.



例3：我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.


例4：仿佛为探寻什么而来，然而，我永远不能寻见什么了，除非我也睡在花床的下面，土地连接着土地，在那里面或许还有一种温暖、爱的交流？（缪崇群《花床》）
I seem to have come here in search of something, but I will never be able to find anything, except hoping that someday I will go and sleep underneath a flower bead where the land is one in which there is an interflow of warmth and love. (Trans. by Gao Wei and Liu Shichong)

二、汉英词语的具体与抽象比较及其翻译
Our very anxiety is born of our knowledge of what is now possible for each other and all.
（我们之所以焦虑不安是因为我们知道对每一个人，对所有人可能发生什么事。）
It is a revealing fact about our language and our culture that someone dedicated to pursuit of knowledge is compared to such a freak.
（把专心于追求知识的人比做这样一种畸形人，这一事实突出地反映了我们的语言和文化现状。）


英语中在动词或形容词后面加上-ment; -tion; -ence; -ity; -isml –ure; -ness等名词后缀，我们就可以明显感觉到其抽象性。
另外，英语中的介词非常丰富。介词本身就是虚词，表达比较虚泛的意义。介词除了可以构成各式各样的短语或成语，还为多个抽象名词结构的连着使用创造了条件。例如：

He was not to appeal for the end of poverty and ignorance and disease; he called for the destruction of the system which was responsible for these evils.
（他并不满足于呼吁消除贫困、愚昧和疾病，他号召摧毁那个造成一切罪恶的制度。）

例1：他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。
He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
例2：他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到惊讶。
His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all.


例3：住在上海“弄堂房子”里的人对月亮的圆缺隐现是不甚关心的。
    People living in the small alleyways of Shanghai pay little attention to the waxing and waning, or the visibility, of the moon.

例4：男性不愿退休，与他们预想中将来要失去很多东西有关，其中主要的是失去赚钱的机会，而不是丧失对工作的依恋之情。
Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivations, of mainly of money rather than of attachment to work.


例5：有月亮吧，就像多了一盏灯。没有月亮吧，犹如街灯损坏了，没有亮起来。
    Moon or no moon simply means the appearance of one extra street lamp or that one of the street lamps has gone wrong and ceased to give out light.


例6：我先是诧异，接着是很不安，似乎这话与我有关。（鲁迅《祝福》）
    My initial astonishment gave way to a deep uneasiness; I felt that this had something to do with me.

例7：唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。
    Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
例8： 添砖加瓦
     make a little contribution
    望穿秋水
    await with great anxiety
    画饼充饥
    feed on fancies


例9：总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题。
    In short, taking the country as a whole, we are certainly able to settle the problem regarding the wealth gap between the coastal and hinterland areas gradually and smoothly.
(trans. by Beijing Review)
In short, taking the country as a whole, I am confident that we can gradually bridge the gap between coast and inland areas.



例10：他讲话时，态度坚定，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡。
    He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.

三、汉英词语的动静对比与翻译
例1：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (utilizing English nouns)
例2：他统治那个地区长达20年之久。
He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.

2）利用形容词
例3：那个家伙老师滔滔不绝讲个不停。
That fellow is very talkative. (utilizing English adjective)
例4：他们迫切地想得到消息。
They were news-hungry.

3）利用介词
例5：有一个有力的证据足以推定他们所讲的是真实的。
There is a strong presumption in favor of the truthfulness of their statement.
例6：你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。
You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.

Homework for today
我们两国的领导人就香港问题达成协议，为各自的国家和人民做了一件非常有意义的事情。香港问题已经有近一个半世纪的历史，这个问题不解决，在我们两国和两国人民之间总是存在阴影。现在这个阴影消除了，我们两国之间的合作和两国人民之间的友好前景光明。


Thank You!

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-3-14 06:17
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-3-14 06:23
楼主真好耶
不过上课我都记下来了
呵呵

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作者: batigol    时间: 2006-3-14 16:59
[s:2]  [s:2]  [s:2]

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-3-18 05:53
Translation Reference
The leaders of our two countries have reached agreement on the question of Hong Kong and have done something highly significant in the interest of our countries and peoples.  


This problem has lasted for a century and half. As long as it remained unsolved, it cast a shadow over the relations between us.  


Now that the shadow has been lifted, a bright prospect has opened up for cooperation between our two countries and friendly contact between our two peoples.


第三讲   汉英意形对比与翻译
Chinese Parataxis and English Hypotaxis and Translation
一、汉语与英语的语言组织法特点
所谓意（parataxis），指的是词语或句子间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现；所谓形合（hypotaxis）则指的是词语或句子间的连接主要仰仗连接词或语言的形态变化来实现。据此，我们认为“意合和形合是语言组织法，是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径，是汉英对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一。”
二、意合与形合的表现形式
汉语的连句成章往往凭借作者的形象思维和灵感思维，通过省略功能虚词，利用词语和句子意念组合表现出事件发生的先后顺序和逻辑关系，而将句子成分的功能和层次往往置于次要地位。比如：汗流浃背；玩物丧志；不进则退，等

英语的形合则表现在词语连成句子、短语连成句子、分句连成句子的时候，都是要依仗诸如像连词、关系词、介词等功能词语和具有状语功能的分词结构等来构建。

英语词与词之间的关系常由一个客观的词来指示，不像汉语要由读者自己来解读。比如，Don’t come in until I call you.在这句英语中，两个动作之间的关系由一个连接词until明确表示出来，不可能有误解。同样表达这个意思，汉语就完全可以不用任何表示关系的连接词。“不叫你别进来。”因此，我们可以得出这样结论：汉语是以意驭形而英语则以形制意。

三、化意合为形合的具体操作方法
根据上述汉英两种语言的组句方式的对比，我们不难看出：汉语的句法特征是“意合对接”（parataxical linkage）。在汉语翻译成英语时，就是要把汉语的意合形式转化为英语的形合形式。在这个过程中，关键是要分清汉语原文中哪些是主体意念，将其置于主句；哪些是客体描摹，事件背景、概念前提或条件、思维的指向、行为的对象等等，将其作从句或词组处理。
1、 将汉语句子译成带从句的英语句子
例1：船上这几位，有在法国留学的，有在英国、德国、比国等读书，到巴黎去增长夜生活经验，因此也坐法国船的。（钱钟书《围城》）
Although some of those on board had been students in France, the others, who had been studying in England, Germany, and Belgium, had gone to Paris to gain more experience of night life before taking French ship home.（Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）

例2：船走得很慢，大家一片乡心，正愁无处寄托，不知哪里忽来了两副麻将牌。（钱钟书《围城》）
The ship moved ever so slowly, while homesickness welled up in everyone’s heart and yearned for release. Then suddenly from heaven knows where appeared two sets of mahjong, the Chinese national pastime. （Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）

例3：生命没有寄托的人，青年时代和“儿时”对他格外宝贵。（瞿秋白《儿时》）
    When one has nothing to live for in life, he tends to look back with nostalgia on the days gone by——his youth and childhood.


例4：题目妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。
    I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.

2、将汉语句子译成带介词短语的英语句子
例1：好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办。
With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.
例2：那女孩长得面黄肌瘦，身材短小，满脸现着泪痕。（谢冰莹《刹那的印象》）
Short and slight in build, she looked thin and sickly with a tear-stained face.（张培基译）

3、将汉语句子译成分词或带不定式结构的英语句子
例1：他什么苦都吃得，从不晓得享用，也像乡下人。（朱自清《哀互生》）
    Looking like a countryman, he could withstand any hardship, never seeking ease and comfort.
例2：一个人的生究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？（邓拓《生命的三分之一》）
    What is the significance of life? Is there any gauge to measure it?

例3：只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。
    Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
例4：对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。
    You have little cause to make excessive demands from others and make yourself disappointed in return.
4、将汉语句子译成带定式复合结构的英语句子
例1：酒不醉人人自醉。
It is no the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.
例2：人到醉时方觉醒，醒时难得醉时清。
    It is not until one gets drunk that he gets sober and it is difficult for him to get as sober as he gets drunk.

例3：一人之下，万人之上。
There is no one above him but the Emperor.
例4：千算万算，不及天算。
    Whatever human mind intend, it is the Heaven that decides the end.

5、运用多种操作方法将汉语句群译成英语句子
太华之高不知几千仞，惜未能裹粮往登马。归途见林柿正黄，就马上摘食之。土人呼止，弗听，嚼之，涩甚，急吐去。下骑觅泉漱口，始能言。土人大笑。盖柿须摘下，煮一沸始去其涩，余不知也。


I have no idea how many thousand feet high the Huashan Mountains are and regret very much not having been able to pack up some dry provisions and go exploring them for a few days. On my way back I saw some wild persimmons, which were of a ripe color. I picked one from the tree while on horseback, and was going to eat it then and there.

The native people tried to stop me, but I wouldn’t listen to them. Only after taking a bite did I find it to have a very harsh flavor. So much so that I quickly spat it out and had to come down from horseback and rinse my mouth at a spring before I could speak, to the great merriment of my native advisers. For persimmons should be boiled in order to take away their harsh flavor, but I learnt this a little too late.

Homework for Today
                   "万字"
       从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。
    老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
      这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
     过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖，这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他，这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"                 



Thank you!

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-3-18 05:55
Translation to the Last
                  "万字"
      The Character "Wan" (10,000)
从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。
Once upon a time there was a man who was quite well-off, but illiterate. Thus, he got a tutor to teach his son how to read and write.

    老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
  Teaching his son to write Chinese characters, the teacher said, "One stroke is the character one, two strokes are two and three strokes, three."


这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
After the boy knew how to write these three characters, he threw away his brush and ran to his father. He said, "Father, I now know how to write Chinese characters. The tutor is  no longer useful to me." His father was very happy to hear that and asked the tutor to leave.


过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖。
A few days later, his father wanted to invite a relative named Wan to dinner in his home, and asked his son to write an invitation card.


这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他。
The boy had not finished even though he had been writing for quite a while, so his father went to hurry him up.

这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"
The boy complained, "There are a lot of family names in the world under heaven. Why does he have to be named Wan? I have been writing since morning, and have finished 500 strokes. That is far from 10,000."

第四讲  汉英翻译中选词方法
Lecture Four
Ways of the Choices of Words in C-E Translation
1、根据思维习惯进行选词
   东西方文化差异体现在思维方式方面主要表现为：综合思维与分析思维之别，具象思维与抽象思维之异，顺向思维与逆向思维之差。从本质上说，一个民族不可能只具有一种单一的单向思维模式。但由于历史、地域、文字和生存方式等因素的影响，不同的民族往往会侧重于某种思维方式，而另一种或几种思维方式则表现得不那么明显。思维方式的不同往往会在语言上反映出来。
译例说明
例1：前事不忘，后事之事。
    Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.
    Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide one in the future.


例2：前不见古人，后不见来者。
    念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下。
    Looking back, I do not see the ancients.
    Looking ahead, I can’t see the wise ones to come.
    Brooding on the endless universe,
    Alone, in my sorrow, tears stream down.

2、根据语境选词
   语境首先指的是文本语言环境，也包括副语言环境，副语言环境系指参与交际者的表情、神态、语气、语调、体势及交际者所处的场景等从属于话语的附加因素。还包括非语言环境，非语环境系指与原作内容相关并影响其内容而在文本中却无具体书面文字形式的文化历史和地理知识及相关背景。
译例说明：
1）“情况”：
circumstances，
situation，
conditions


（1）在这种情况下
    under these / such circumstances
    such being the case
    in accordance with this specific condition


（3）现在的情况不同了。
    Now things are quite different.
（4）他们的情况怎么样了？
    How do matters stand with them？
    What has happened to them？
    What has become of them？


（5）前线有什么情况？
    How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
    There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.


（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
    But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
    We may go there，but that depends.

2）“抓”：
（1）狗把她的手抓了。
    The dog scratched her hand.
（2）你这是在瞎抓。
    You are finding yourself at a loss.
（3）抓养猪配种。
Pay close attention to pig-breeding.


（5）前线有什么情况？
    How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
    There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.


（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
    But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
    We may go there，but that depends.

3、根据词义的搭配进行选词
   汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时必须注意两者的差异，不能把汉语词语的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。词语的搭配主要包括两个方面：一是语义搭配，主要是指逻辑意义上表达习惯；一是结构搭配，主要是指定语和中心词的搭配和动宾搭配等。

    好教徒（= 虔诚的教徒）
    a faithful Christian
     好父母（= 慈爱的父母）
    a loving parent
     好儿女（= 孝顺的儿女）
    an obedient child
     好妻子（= 贤良的妻子）
     a virtuous wife
     好丈夫（= 尽职的丈夫）
     a dutiful husband

1）上班  
    go to work / to be on duty
2）上报  
    to appear in the newspaper / to report to a higher authority
3）上场  
to appear on the stage / court
4）上当
to be taken in

5）上灯
    to light the lamp
6）上访
    to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help.
7）上告
to complain to the higher authority / appeal to a higher court
8）上照
to come out well in a photograph
4、根据词的广义和狭义、强弱之分正确选词
（1）农业是国民经济的基础。
    Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
（2）农、林、木、副、渔互相结合的方针。
    the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery

（3）“多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久只争朝夕。”
  "So many deeds cry out to be done,
  And always urgently.
  The world rolls on,
  Time passes.
  Ten thousand years are too long,
  Seize the day, seize the hour."
5、根据词义的褒贬和语体色彩以及政治含义进行选词
1）他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
   They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
  2）别了，司徒雷登！
    Farewell, Leighton Stuart!


3）禁止赌博。
    Gambling is prohibited.
4）这小伙子干活真冲。
This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.
5）peasant, farmer, etc.

Homework for Today
                    十三陵
   十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里，是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
   长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓，是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿，是明朝统治 者举行祭祀的地方。这个大殿修建于一四二七年，面积共一千九百多平方米，是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。殿里有几十根大木柱，其中四根最大的高14、3米，直径1、17米，两个人抱不过来。  

    定陵在长陵的西南面，它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年（1573----1620）。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿，面积一千九百多平方米，由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成，全是石结构，没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿，有三座大石门，石门很大，每座重八吨。修建定陵前后用了六年时间，每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动，不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。

Thank you!

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-3-22 06:40
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-3-22 21:22
有些东西没必要抄的
理解就好了
呵呵
楼主真辛苦 [s:2]

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-3-22 21:40
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: snb_84    时间: 2006-3-22 23:06
LZ你的？

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-3-23 00:23
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: snb_84    时间: 2006-3-23 01:41
我知道啊!她抄下来的?

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作者: 夏末    时间: 2006-3-23 02:36
好佩服

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-3-23 04:40
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: 船长    时间: 2006-3-23 06:28
楼主是外语学院的？你们英语课讲的这么详细啊……
很多很有用的东东，谢了……  [s:1]

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作者: snb_84    时间: 2006-3-23 19:33

下面是引用海蓝色的沙于2006-03-22 20:40发表的:

应该是COPY的吧
打字的话要累死人的

印的?

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-3-24 00:39
今天上第五讲
老师的幻灯片放得超快的
抄都懒得抄了
楼主快来发呀

我还等着抄呢
[mop300]

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作者: 觉悟的零    时间: 2006-4-1 20:51
丫头，真娘西瞥强啊！～！～！～
你真的真的很有耐心啊～～～～
哈哈！～！～
我可以认识你吗？
ＨＯＨＯ～

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-4-1 21:28
嘎嘎

现在翻译课笔记都懒得抄了
哎

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作者: 寓言    时间: 2006-4-1 21:35
陆国飞的课吧

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作者: 恒温17℃    时间: 2006-4-1 22:09
是的。。我们也是上他的课

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-4-2 07:04
呵呵。不好意思，我忘发了。

第五讲  社会符号学意义与汉英翻译
The Meaning of Social Semiotics and C-E Translation
Translation to last
                十三陵
         he Ming Tombs
十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里，是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
The Ming Tombs are located about 50 kilometers to the northwest of Beijing. They are the tombs of the thirteen feudal emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).


长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓，是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿，是明朝统治 者举行祭祀的地方。
Zhangling, tomb of the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, is the earliest and largest one among the thirteen tombs. In front of the tomb is a hall. It is the place where the Ming rulers offered sacrifices.

这个大殿修建于一四二七年，面积共一千九百多平方米，是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。
The big hall, built in 1427 and with an area of 1,900 square meters, is one of the biggest extant ancient wooden structures in China.

殿里有几十根大木柱，其中四根最大的高14、3米，直径1、17米，两个人抱不过来。  
In the hall there are several tens of big wooden columns, the largest four among which are each 14.3 meters high and 1.7 meters in diameter. Two men with their arms stretched cannot encircle one column.


定陵在长陵的西南面，它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年（1573----1620）。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。
Dingling is the tomb of Emperor Zhu Yijun, who ruled China for 48 years (1575-1620). In his twelfth year as emperor he began to build his tomb. At that time he was only 23 years old.

定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿，面积一千九百多平方米，由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成，全是石结构，没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿，有三座大石门，石门很大，每座重八吨。
Dingling's tomb chamber, the underground palace, has an area of 1,900 square meters. It consists of five halls----front, middle, rear, left and right. They are all stone structures without columns. The front, middle and rear halls have a big stone gate each. They are very big, each weighing 8 tons.

修建定陵前后用了六年时间，每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动，不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。
It took altogether 6 years to build Dingling. Every day 30,000 civilian laborers took part in the extremely hard labor, in the course of which many of them lost their lives.
1、 什么是社会符号学意义
符号学（semiotics）是研究符号指意系统的科学。皮尔斯提出了“符号学”的名称和第一个全面的符号学研究纲领。但对符号学发展做出实质性贡献的却是莫里斯。他区分了符号关系的三个方面，指出：符号与其所指称或描写的实体与事件之间的关系是语义关系，符号与符号之间的关系是符号句法关系，符号与符号使用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的，就是语言符号（包括音素、音节、词素、词、短语、分句、句子乃至话语）的三类意义，即指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
2、 指称意义的概念与汉英翻译
指称意义（referential meaning），也就是我们平常所说的概念意义（ideational meaning）它是语言符号（包括句子）和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体或事件之间的关系，它主要同交际主题有关。换句话说，它是指词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界。  
比如：
月亮：
moon
他仰望着蔚蓝色的天空。
He looked up at the blue sky
这些鲜花多美啊！
How lovely these flowers are!


指称意义和字面意义（literal meaning）虽然在大部分情况下是重合的，却是从两个不同角度去看的两个不同概念。指称意义是词语同她之外的某个实体之间的关系，而字面意义则是单个词语最先在语言使用者脑中唤起的概念或形象。当译者从指称意义的角度考虑问题时，是把源语信息中具有相对独立的交际能力的一个词语同它所指称的实体联系起来，然后在译语中找出同样一个实体的对等说法。而从字面意义的角度考虑问题时，则是把源语单个的词最常见的意义换用译语中具有这种意义的符号去表示。
例如：
1）知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it——this is knowledge.
2）南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.

3、  指称意义的翻译方法
汉英词语的指称意义的翻译一般可采用直译法为主，意译、音译、音译与意译相结合的方法为辅。
例如：
1）延安的歌声是黑夜的火把，雪天的煤炭，大旱的甘霖。
Songs of Yan’an are torches in the dark night, charcoal fire in the snowy weather, and timely rainfall in a severe drought.

2）生产多么需要科学！
    革命多么需要科学！
    人民多么需要科学！
Our production is in burning need of science!
Our revolution is in burning need of science!
Our people are in burning need of science!

3）刘玉翠回到村里，就好比是住进了监牢里。（明喻）
Having returned to the village, Liu Yucai felt as if she had got into the prison.
4） 霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。（暗喻）
At once, the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.
      

5）群山肃立，江河挥泪，辽阔的祖国大地沉静在巨大的悲痛之中。(拟人)
      The mountains are standing in solemn silence; the rivers are shedding bitter tears; our vast motherland is soaked in enormous grief.

6）突然，在我们头顶上五六丈的上空，发出一声可怕的霹雳，闪电像利剑一样直插下来，天空被彻底吹裂了，震碎了。（夸张）
All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces.

意译译例：
卜卜卜——机关枪的声音跟着又来。（拟声 onomatopoeia）
The staccato chatter of a machine gun was heard again.


招风若草
look for trouble (死译 invite wind to exasperate the grass)

外甥打灯笼——照舅（照旧）
act according to the old ways (死译 the nephew carrying a lantern——showing the way for his uncle)

音译法举例
音译法是指用音位为单位在英语译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文的主要语言功能的翻译方法。

姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。
Outside the city of Suzhou
Is resounding a distant knell.
It is Han Shan Monastery——
Towards us, tolling its midnight bell
1） 音意结合法
音意结合法是指在英语译文中几保留原文的发音又能体现原文的指称意义，以既谐音又谐意的方式达到功能相似。这种方法的使用一般有两种形式，一是在拼音之前或之后加上一个表意词；二是直接套用谐音谐意的英语单词。
例如：
绿丹兰
Ludanlan cosmetics
稳德福酒楼
Wonderful Restaurant
“索”牌（塑料绳具的商标）
solid
4、言内意义的概念与翻译
言内意义（intralingual meaning），或叫语篇意义（textual meaning）是指句子成分与句子成分之间或句子与句子之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节奏、如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果，等等。主要表现在利用词素之间的语音关系所表现出来的韵律平仄、双声和押韵；利用词素之间的语义关系形成的谐音双关、一语双叙、拈连、仿似、飞白、排比、对偶、层递、设问、顶真、回环、倒装等修辞格和语序、句子的长短、句子结构的紧凑或松散都体现了句子成分之间的关系；篇章的层次、段落的排列组合、句式的变化、布局的和谐、语义的连贯、自然的衔接都体现了篇章内符号的关系，它们都是言内意义的体现。
几个译例：
1）  接受竟成了劫。（谐音双关）
    Taking-over turns out to be loot-taking.
2）红雨随心翻作浪，
    青山着意化为桥。（对偶 antithesis）
Crimson rain swirls in waves under our will,
Green mountains turn to bridge at our wish.


3）春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。（双关）
The silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart;
The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.


4）一个钻窗子进来的人，不管是偷东西还是偷情，早已决心来替你做个暂时的主人。（钱钟书《写在人生边上》）（拈连）
When there is someone coming in through the window, whether he is going to steal some property or steal somebody’s heart, he has decided that he will replace the host for a little while.

5、语用意义的概念与翻译
语用意义（pragmatic meaning）或交际意义（communicative meaning）是语言符号与其使用者之间的关系，包括表征意义、表达意义、社交意义、祈使意义和联想意义。是语言符号对人产生的影响，也就是常说的蕴含意义（connotative meaning）或联想意义（associative meaning）。语用意义在很大程度上受制于语言的社会文化环境。某一具体语言环境中出现的词语往往不仅具有指称意义、言内意义，还包含由此而衍生出的语用意义。
Homework for today
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族，一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处，学习人家的先进科学技术。我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后，需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也要学习人家的长处。

The End of the Class
Thank You

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-4-2 07:05
第六讲  汉语习语的翻译
Lecture Six
Translation of Chinese Idioms
1、 汉语习语的概念与特点
   习语是劳动人民长期沿袭使用的定型词组或短语。习语一般具有结构严谨，形式简练，含义精辟，形象鲜明，表达生动等特点，因而为人们所喜闻乐用，广为流传。汉语习语在广义上包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、格言和方言等，类别繁多，民族特色突出。正因为如此，习语的翻译也比较复杂。
1）汉语四字词组的特点与翻译
四字词组通常有四个要素构成，通常分为前后两部分。两部分之间的语法关系可以是主谓、动宾、偏正或并列关系。因此，四字词组又可分为主谓词组、动宾词组、偏正词组和联合词组。
直译法
直译的优势是能够比较完整地保留汉语四字词组的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但直译必须以不引起译文读者的误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。
直译法举例：
（1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结——批评——团结”的方法。
It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze, and to adhere to the formula of “unity—criticism—unity”, in dealing with contradictions among the people.


（2）所以这李执虽然青春丧偶，且处于高粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问。
So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold ashes, taking no interest in the outside world.

意译法
意译主要是指翻译时抓住原文内容和寓意这一重要方面，牺牲形象结合上下文比较灵活地传达原义。
意译法举例：
（1）刘雨生回到乡政府，把老谢的话，一五一十，告诉了邓秀枚和李月琴。
  When Liu Yusheng got back the township government, he recounted everything Lao Xie said in detail to Deng Xiumei and Li Yuhui.
（2）他讲起话来总是眉飞色舞。
  He always beams with joy when speaking.

节译法举例：
（1）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。
  The cold, pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces, long hair and lusterless eyes.
（2）忽然有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。
  Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.

借用英语中的同义习语
（1）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们斗，也许有翻身的那一天。
  All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day you’ll come out on top.
（2）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。
  I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear for the comrades’ criticism.

直译和意译兼用法
（1）她一个单身人，无亲无故。
     But this girl Mei was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.
   （2）王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站、七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。
    Braving the wind and dew, Wang Mian traveled day after day past large posting station and small, till he came to the city of Jinan.
2）谚语的特点与翻译
谚语就是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言。这些谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活经验的科学总结。英语和汉语的谚语都有这样的特点：比喻生动，寓意深刻，用词精练，没有一个多余的词，单句讲究韵律，双句讲究对仗，文体非常口语化，便于记忆流传。如何翻译谚语？是直译还是意译？这完全取决于谚语的语言特点和文化背景。
直译法
（1） 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
It is easy to dodge a pear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.
（2） 城门失火，殃及池鱼。
A fire on city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.

（3）路遥知马力，日久见人心。
As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart.
（4） 初生牛犊不怕虎。
New-born calves make little of tigers. (Young people are fearless)

意译法
（1）失之东隅，收之桑榆。
What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts.
（2） 塞翁失马，按知非福？
A loss may turn out to be a gain.
（3） 此地无银三百两。
A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.
套译法
（1） 一次被火烧，二次避火苗。
A burnt child dreads the fire.
（2）  半瓶醋，出事故。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
（3）  少见多怪。
Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.
（4）  三思而后行。
Look before you leap.
3）歇后语的特点与翻译
歇后语是群众中广为流传的一种特殊语言形式，具有生动形象、诙谐幽默等特点。它一般由两个部分组成，前半截为形象的比喻，后半截是前面比喻的解释、说明。无论是文学作品，还是日常口语里，我们经常要同歇后语打交道。在习语翻译中，歇后语英译也是一个很重要的部分。
直译法
（1） 那个宝玉是个“丈八的灯台，——照见人家，照不见自己”的，只知嫌人家脏。这是他的房子，由着你们糟蹋。
As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lampstand that sheds light on others but none on itself. He complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy.

“咱们俩的事，一条绳拴着两蚂蚱，谁也跑不了。”
  “We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord; neither can get away!”


“你可倒好！肉包子打狗，一去不回头！”她的嗓门很高，和平日在车厂与车夫们吵嘴时一样。
“Well, you certainly are a guy! A dog given a bone doesn’t come back for more!” Her voice was as loud as when she bawled out at the rickshaw men in the yard.

日本曹长心里像有十五个吊桶打水，七上八下地不安宁。
It was as if the sword of Damocles hung over the Japanese sergeant.

意译法
穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能。
When we pass from the old society to the new, each of us shows his true worth.
等他们赶来增援时，已是“正月十五贴门神——晚了半月啦。”
But they were too late for a rescue.

可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”


可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”


“我是想：咱们是孔夫子搬家，净是（输）书，心里真有点点干啥的。”
“Only I fell bad when we lose every fight.”
“我在店里呢，是灯草拐杖，做不得主（柱）的。”
  “My position in the company doesn’t permit me to make a decision individually.”

4） 俚语的特点与翻译
俚语是比较通俗的口语词，有的带有粗俗性，有的带有方言性。俚语不但出现在口语中，而且也出现在戏剧、电视、电影以及小说的对白中。一般说来，俚语可分三类：委婉语，赌咒语和粗俗语。
翻译举例：
（1）  她有喜了。
She is a mother-to-be.
She is in the family way.
（2）  你这个杀千刀的！
You be hanged!
（3）  见鬼去吧！
To hell with you!

（4）  小妇养的！动了兵器了！
Sons of bitches! They are using weapons now.
（5）  他妈的，你们有话就说吧！
If you have something to say, say it. Damn you!
（6）  还有你这个浪货，跟谁来不行，非跟他！
And you too, you baggage. Couldn’t you have picked somebody else? Why did it have to be him?
（7）  王八蛋们，怎么又在这儿碰上了！
You devils, so we meet again!
5） 惯用语的特点与翻译
惯用语是以口头上常用的洗练、含蓄的语言，比一般词和词组更具稳定性，比四字词语更具灵活性。比书面语言更具含蓄讽刺、生动形象的比喻性。惯用语主要出现在群众的日常口语中，书面语中出现在小说、电影、电视、戏剧的人物对话里，也出现在比较口语化的议论文和散文中。由此可见，无论是口译还是笔译，都会碰到惯用语的翻译问题。
直译法举例：
连根拔
tear up by the roots
走后门
get in by the backdoor
一窝蜂
like a swarm of bees
及时雨
timely rainfall
九牛二虎之力
the strength of nine bulls and two tigers
病急乱投医
turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill
直译补意法
卷铺盖
pack up and quit
包眼福
feast one’s eyes on sth.
单打一
concentrate on one thing only
咬耳朵
whisper in one’s ear
扇阴风，点鬼火
fan the winds of evil and spread the fires of turmoil
意译法
门外汉
the uninitiated or a layman (a man outside the gate)
   小广播
spreading of hearsay information or bush telegraph (a small broadcast station)
风凉话
irresponsible and sarcastic remarks (cold words)

扣帽子
put a label on sb. (put a cap on sb.)
寻短见
commit suicide or take one’s own life (look for a short view)
  炒冷饭
dish up the same old staff (fry the cold rice)
套译法
杀风景
be a wet blanket
拍马屁
lick sb’s boots
放空炮
spout hot air / talk big
绕圈子
beat about the bush

灌米汤
butter sb. Up
摆架子
put on airs
开绿灯
give the green light
泼冷水
pour cold water on

唱反调
sing a different tune
挖空心思
rack one’ s brains
试金石
touchstone

Translation to the last
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族，一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处，学习人家的先进科学技术。
Science and technology are a kind of wealth created in common by all mankind. Any nation or country must learn from the strong points of other nations and countries, from their advanced science and technology.

我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后，需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也要学习人家的长处。
It is not just today, when we are scientifically backward, that we need to learn from other countries. After we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology, we shall still have to learn from the strong points of others.
Homework for Today
1.咱们不能黑影里电灯，只看脚下。
2. “那么，什么时候解决战斗？还是老牛拉破车，慢慢吞吞的吗？
3.他咯咯地笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥！”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
5.失败是成功之母。
6.薛潘也来上学，不过是三日打鱼，两日晒网。

7. 送君千里，终有一别。
8. 人怕出名猪怕壮。
9. 后来出嫁了，两个人还是藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。
10、但是，事实胜于雄辩。水落自然石出。   

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作者: 约会自己    时间: 2006-4-2 07:15
感觉上课就是抄笔记

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作者: 海蓝色的沙    时间: 2006-4-2 08:22
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-4-2 20:05

下面是引用约会自己于2006-04-01 23:15发表的:
感觉上课就是抄笔记

差不多
现在抄也懒得抄

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-4-3 00:13
Homework for Today
1.咱们不能黑影里电灯，只看脚下。
2. “那么，什么时候解决战斗？还是老牛拉破车，慢慢吞吞的吗？
3.他咯咯地笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥！”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
5.失败是成功之母。
6.薛潘也来上学，不过是三日打鱼，两日晒网。

怎么翻译啦
嘎嘎

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-4-8 04:38
第七讲  汉语语态的翻译
Translation of Chinese Voices
Translation to L5 & L6
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族，一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处，学习人家的先进科学技术。
Science and technology are a kind of wealth created in common by all mankind. Any nation or country must learn from the strong points of other nations and countries, from their advanced science and technology.


我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后，需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也要学习人家的长处。
It is not just today, when we are scientifically backward, that we need to learn from other countries. After we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology, we shall still have to learn from the strong points of others.

1.咱们不能黑影里电灯，只看脚下。
Let’s not light a lamp in the dark which shows only our feet.
2. “那么，什么时候解决战斗？还是老牛拉破车，慢慢吞吞的吗？
“Well, then, when are going to get the battle finished off? Are you still going to be the old bullock pulling a broken cart, creeping slowly along?

3.他咯咯地笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥！”
Now he chuckled and commented, “That’s called ‘Drawing a cake to satisfy your hunger.’”
4. “人勤地不懒惰。”这话真不假。
If a man is diligent, soil is not idle.” How true the proverb is!
5.失败是成功之母。
Failure is the mother of success.

6.薛潘也来上学，不过是三日打鱼，两日晒网。
Xue Pan enrolled as student. But he was like the fisherman who fishes for three days and then suns his net for two.
汉语语态特征
汉语的被动语态形式用得比英语少得多。汉语句子表示被动意义得句型主要有两种：一种是有标记的的被动句，即句中有“被、为、叫、让、给、受、由、挨、遭、遇、为……所……,加以，予以”等助词、助动词和介词为标记。另一种是无标记的被动句，它没有形式标记，要通过逻辑意义来判断。这种表示被动意义而不用被动形式的句子在汉语里相当多，主要包括：无主句、泛指主语句、非人称主语句等，汉译英时都应当转译成被动语态的英语句子。
一、有标记的汉语被动句
1、这件事将由他们处理。
  This matter will be dealt with by them.
2、火在一小时后被扑灭。
  The fire was put out an hour later.
3、旧规章被废除了。


4、社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。
  Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
5、该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
  The plan will be examined by a special committee.
二、无标记的被动句
1、新的教学方法几年前就已采用了。
  New methods of teaching were adopted a few years ago.
2、这项工程将于明年年底竣工。
  This project will have been completed by the end of next year.
3、爱滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。
  The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids.

4、基本建设速度加快，投资环境不断完善。
  The capital construction has been accelerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.
5、新的基础工程项目有的正在建设，有的正在规划之中。
  Some of the new infrastructure projects are well under way and others in the process of being planned.

三、无主语句
1、应当坚定不移地执行计划生育的基本国策
Efforts should be made to firmly carry out the basic state policy of family planning.
2、到现在为止还没有得出结论。
  So far no conclusion has been arrived at.
3、必须维护生态环境的平衡。
  The ecological environment should be kept in balance.
。
4、尚未决定谁去担任这项任务。
    It has not been decided who is to take up the task.
四、泛指主语句
1、有人指出，这些指控是毫无根据的。
  It was pointed out that the accusations were groundless.
2、大家认为，他对这项工作很满足。
  He was considered quite satisfied with the job.
3、人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。
  Rubber is found to be a good insulating material.
4、有人看见老教授深夜还在做实验。
  The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night.

五、以“是……的”结构引导的被动句
1、交际理论家们断言，在面对面的交际中，少于30%的信息是通过讲话传递的，而多于70%的信息是非语言的方式完成的。
    Communication theorists have affirmed that in face-to-face communication less than 30% of all the information is communicated through speaking. Over 70% is sent by non-verbal means.
2、通常港口税是以船只的注册吨位计算的。
  Usually the dues are calculated on the registered tonnage of the ship.
3、疟疾是蚊子携带的寄生虫传染的。
  Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite carried by mosquitoes.
六、以地点为主语的被动句
1、1981年以来法国将外贸赤字成功地削减了一半以上。
  The foreign trade deficit in France has been successfully cut by more than half since 1981.
2、日本发生强烈地震的报道已经得到证实。
  The report of a strong earthquake in Japan has been confirmed.
3、中国讲汉语。
  Chinese is spoken in China.
4、我们学院去年建造了以栋新的行政大楼。
  A new administrative building was built in our institute last year.

附：关于汉语的一些习惯用语的英译法
1、  应该说……
      It should be said that…
2、  据报告……
      It is reported that…
3、  很明显……
      It is obvious that…
4、  据谣传……
     It rumored that…

1、  人们（有人、大家）认为……
     It is considered (thought) that …
2、  普遍（一般、通常）认为……
     It is generally (usually) accepted that   (agreed, recognized) that …
3、  有人（人们、大家）相信……
    It is believed that …
4、  大家知道（众所周知）……
      It is well-known that …

9、  据说（有人说）……
      It is said that …
10、据闻（悉）……
      It is learned that ..
11、据推测……
     It is supposed that …
12、据估计（预计）……
     It is estimated that …

13、必须指出……
     It must be pointed out that …
14、必须（应该）承认……
     It must (should) be admitted that …
15、可见（可以看出）……
     It will be seen that …
16、由此可见……
     It will be seen from this that…

17、不用说（谁都知道）……
     It is understood that…
18、无可否认……
     It cannot be denied that …
19、已经证明……
     It has been proved (demonstrated) that …
20、可以肯定……
     It may be confirmed that ….

21、可以有把握地说……
      It may be safely said that …
22、人们有时会问……
      It is sometimes asked that …
23、人们希望……
      It is expected (hoped) that…

Homework for today
我喝我的清茶
     他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。
     面对别人成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你，还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。

     凡事不逃避，我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕水污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。人生也一样，避恶、避丑、避邪，只能说明自己心里脆弱。   一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的，而有力量影响他人。古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响，要为自己就没有必要逃避了，后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。

     自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在，而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境，“定”是一种境界，是居于多变之中的不动摇。只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向，才能做到“他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。”

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作者: 恒温17℃    时间: 2006-4-8 04:46
支持一下。

翻译要一下子掌握还是不太容易的。

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作者: selena    时间: 2006-4-8 04:54
都不知道怎么翻了
学了的技巧很难用上
嘎嘎

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-4-29 03:52
Translation to the last
               我喝我的清茶
    Contenting Myself with Plain Tea
   他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。
   Human life, it seems to me, needs a placidity of mind. While other may be wining and dining, I’m content with plain tea.

     面对别人成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你，还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。
    Not dazzled by other people’s aura of success and glamour, I’ll indulge in my simple pleasure. Clearly aware where the credit goes, I won’t join in the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed to me on a plate. The best a blind follower can do is tailing after the winners. The only alternative is to create wonders of one’s own.


   凡事不逃避，我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕水污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。
     I stick to the pureness of my pleasure, never escaping from reality. The lotus grows in the mud without being tainted. If, to avoid the dirt, one plants it on dry clean ground, it simply won’t grow.

   人生也一样，避恶、避丑、避邪，只能说明自己心里脆弱。一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的，而有力量影响他人。
    The same holds true for human beings. Shrinking from what is ugly, vile and evil only proves the frailty of one’s character. A person in full possession of mental serenity never stands in fear of being mentally contaminated by the filthy environment. On the contrary, he can exercise positive influences all around.  

     古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响，要为自己就没有必要逃避了，后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。
    Mencius’s mother made three removals during his childhood to keep him away from bad influences, which did not pose any problem for her. History does not record any more of such removals after he grew up.


   自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在，而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境，“定”是一种境界，是居于多变之中的不动摇。
     Enjoying the tranquility of mind does not mean hiding oneself in a haven. What is meant is the maintenance of such a mental state in the midst of chaos, i.e. moral immovability amidst kaleidoscopic changes.

     只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向，才能做到“他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。”
    Only a person who has attained this plane can be a real master of his destiny, contenting himself with the purest and simplest pleasure.

第八讲  汉英翻译中主谓语的确定
Lecture Eight
Determination of Subject and Predicate in C-E Chinese
A. 主语的确定
  汉语中的主语不像英语中的主语那样容易确定。因为汉语是主题显著的语言，它所突出的是主题而不是主语。再者，汉语句法的特征是意合。这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系（尤其是主语）在形式不明显。因此，译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语，并在译文中妥帖地表现出来。确定主语时，应遵循以下4个原则：
1、须符合英语的语言习惯和必须符合英美人的思维方式
希望今后舟山能与更多的外国城市结为姐妹城市。
It is hoped that Zhoushan will establish sister relations with more foreign cities in the future.
众所周知，舟山将在2007年建成一座通往大陆的跨海大桥。
As is known to all, 2007 will see the completion of a trans-sea bridge leading to the mainland in Zhoushan.
自改革开放以来，中国已经建立了二十多所民办高校。
There have been established more than nongovernmental institutions of higher learning since China’s reform and opening.
2、必须是句中应该突出的信息
有了辨证唯物论的思想，就省了许多事，也少犯许多错误。
    Once dialectical materialism is grasped, a lot of trouble will be saved and many mistakes avoided.
必须进行认真的教育，以期一步一步解决这个问题。
    Education must be assiduously carried out so that this problem can be solved step by step.
在发展生产的基础上，改善工人和劳动人民的生活。
    The livelihood of the workers and other working people is to improve on the basis of increased production.
3、必须符合句中的逻辑关系
   在经济建设的实践中，特别是整党中，在经济体制改革中，已经并正在成长大批优秀人才。
    Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in economic construction, especially in the course of Party consolidation and the reform of the economic structure.
  

编辑的责任是重大的，应当提高编辑的社会地位。
All editors are facing tremendous duties, and their social status should be raised.
我们舟山还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
We have also formulated a series of preferential policies in Zhoushan to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.
4、在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文的行文需要
   在篇章翻译中，主语还必须符合上下文行文的需要。篇章是一些意义相关的句子通过一定承接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。虽然连句成篇的衔接手段多种多样，但作为句子“龙头”的主语在连句成篇、承上启下的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。汉语篇章中的主语主要是通过原词复现、照应和省略的方式起着衔接的作用。而英语的主语则往往避免重复原词而更多地使用照应和替代的方式来衔接上下文。学习篇章的汉译英，还需要牢记英语和汉语的这一差异，根据上下文确定主语。否则，篇章只不过是缺乏逻辑的句群堆砌或“句不达意”。在篇章的汉译英过程中，为符合上下文行文的需要，常常依据下列原则确定主语：
1）汉语原文原词用复现的手段承接上下文时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文。
我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族的了，我们已经站起来了。
Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.

2）原文以照应的手段承接上下文时，译文亦采用照应的手段承接上下文。
     解净活这么大可是头一回经受这样的阵势。她进工厂六年多了，还没有真正了解工厂。
  Xie Jing had never been treated like this in her life. Though she had been in this plant for six years, she had not really understood it.

3）原文以省略的手段衔接篇章时，译文可采用照应和替代的办法承接上下文。
    武松一步步上那冈子来。回头看这日色时，渐渐地坠下去了。
    Wu Song plodded up the ridge. When he looked back at the sun, it was almost gone.

B. 谓语的确定
（1）汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化，不管主语是单数还是复数；不管主语是第几人称，谓语形态都不变。而英语的谓语有人称和数的变化，其单数、复数和人称要依据主语来决定。
译例：
他除了你以外，没有朋友。
He has no friend but you.
她是个俗气的富婆。
She is one of the vulgar rich.


（2）汉语谓语动词本身显现不出时间的先后，其时间的先后往往是以添加表示不同时间概念的词语或以动词排列的先后顺序表示出来。但英语的谓语动词本身有时态、语态语气的变化，谓语动词动作所发生的时间概念除了添加表示时间的状语外，往往还要通过为谓语动词时态的变化来表现。
译例：
得知她所做的决定我们感到很吃惊。
It surprised us to have learned of the decision she had made.
我们要认真吸取处理这个问题的经验。
We will make efforts to gain experience in handling this problem。

（3）汉语中的名词、形容词、数词和介词短语均可以直接作谓语；而英语往往要以连系动词作为桥梁将这些词类连接起来，否则就无法成句。
译例：
也像一切怕羞的人一样，他有时有点儿傲慢。
Like all shy men he sometimes appears somewhat arrogant.
这个新发明会成为对全人类有用的。
This new invention will prove useful to all humanity.


（4）汉语句子中的谓语可以是一个主谓词组，而英语的句子是不可以用主谓词组充当谓语的。在将以主谓词组作谓语的汉语句子译成英语时，往往要变换句式。
译例：
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.
武汉这个地方，我认为比深圳好。
I think Wuhan is better than Shenzhen.


（5）汉语和英语的句子有五种常见的句型，其主要成分的顺序是一致的。在将汉语句子译成英语时，若主要成分的顺序一致，则可套用对应的英语句型，所选择的谓语也大致可以与原文对应。

英语基本句型：
        S + V
        S + V + P
        S + V + O
        S + V + o + O
        S + V + O + OC

Homework for today
1）要学习、不要骄傲，不能看不起别人。
2）做一切工作，必须切合实际，不合实际就错了。
3）从这个事件可以看出当前世界斗争的重点。
4）“信奉质量第一，用户至上”是本企业的经营宗旨。欢迎国内外人士光临洽谈。
5) 本公司欢迎与海外客商加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。

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作者: 冷夜疏雨    时间: 2006-4-29 04:20
辛苦辛苦啊，哈哈，值得奖励！

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-4-29 05:10
值得奖励也不送我朵花哦，555
呵呵

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-5-16 05:56
第九讲  汉英翻译中的语序变换
Lecture Nine
Change of Word Order in C-E Translation
Translated Version to the Last
1）要学习、不要骄傲，不能看不起别人。
We must study and must not become conceited or look down on others
2）做一切工作，必须切合实际，不合实际就错了。
Whatever we do must accord with reality, otherwise it is wrong.
3）从这个事件可以看出当前世界斗争的重点。
From this incident we can pinpoint the focus of struggle in the world today.

4）“信奉质量第一，用户至上”是本企业的经营宗旨。欢迎国内外人士光临洽谈。
Our company adheres to the motto of quality first, customer supremacy. Customers both home and abroad are welcome to hold business talks with us.
5）本公司欢迎与海外客商加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers all over the world are welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us.

1．汉英词序上的异同
汉族的思维方式是：
主体——行为标志——行为——客体
这一思维方式所引起的语言表达模式是：
主语 + 状语 +谓语 + 宾语 （以及定语必须前置等）
以英语为母语的民族反映现实的思维顺序主要是：
主体——行为——行为客体——行为标志
这一思维方式所引起的语言表达模式是：
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语（以及较长的定语必须后置等）
（1）在时间上，汉语通常按事情发生或出现的先后顺序排列，而英语词序则主要是根据语境的需要安排。
侵略者不到走投无路的时候是不会投降的。
The invaders will not surrender until they come to the end of their tether.
当女演员登上舞台时，观众中爆发出一阵掌声。
A loud applause exploded fro the audience when the actress went on the stage.

（2）在事理上，汉语的词序比较固定，通常按照先因后果，先假设后可能，先条件后结果的顺序来排列；而英语的词序比较灵活，但通常开门见山，直奔主题，然后再作解释。在表示因果关系时，一般先讲结果再说明原因，在表示假设时，往往先说结果，再说条件。

她不老实，我不能信任她。
I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.
Because she is not honest, I can not trust her.
抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.

（3）在对某事发表评论时，汉语通常先叙述（即事实或描写），后表态（即判断或结论）。
每个人各司其责，这一点是很重要的。
It is important that everyone does his duty.
凡有产业的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife.
2．词序调整的方法
1) 根据时间顺序进行调整
（1）顺译
1）多个表示连贯动作的动词并列时，汉语和英语往往都可以按照动作发生的先后顺序来安排词序。

它先是离我较远，见我不去伤害它，便一点点挨近、然后蹦到我的杯子上，俯下头来喝茶，再偏脸瞧瞧我的反应。
First it kept its distance from me, then hopped nearer, then stood upon my glass and eventually lowered its head to drink my tea.

姑娘们洗净蒙受了一天的黄土、风尘，露出粗糙的面色，把头发梳得乌亮，然后就比赛着穿出最好的衣服。
The girls washed off the dust and stains of the day, revealing their rough and ruddy complexion, combed their hair, and then vied with one another in wearing their best outfits.
2）汉语中有些按照时间先后安排语序的复合句译成英语时也可采用顺序法。
传说秦始皇来到泰山封禅的时候，遇上了暴风雨，他就躲在一棵很大的松树下避雨。
It is said that when the First Emperor of Qin came to Mount Taishan to perform the rites of worshipping Heaven and Earth, he was caught in a storm, and found shelter under a giant pine tree.
(2) 逆译
  汉语习惯是按照动作发生的时间先后组句的，而英语则比较灵活。它虽然有时也按动作或事件的先后顺序来组句，但更多的却是通过使用各种表示时间的连词、关系代词或介词将动作或事件的先后次序打乱。

离开教室时请把灯关掉。
Turn off the light when you leave the classroom.
我访问了一些地方、遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
2、根据搭配需要进行调整
他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。
He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.

根据搭配需要调整语序主要集中在以下四个方面：
1、定语的位置
2、状语的位置
3、一系列表示时间或地点的词在一起时的先后顺序
4、叙事和表态的先后顺序
（1）定语的换序
1）新器件应满足所要求的条件。
    The new device should satisfy the required conditions.
2）在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。
    There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace.
3）日本和我们是一衣带水的邻邦。
    Japan is our neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.

4）他是一位中国现代优秀作家。
    He is an outstanding modern Chinese writer.
5）那是中国内地出版的第一份报纸。
    That was the first newspaper that had been published in inland China.
（2）状语的换序
1）复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案。
    In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
2） 他们刚刚作了一项物理实验。
    They have just made an experiment in physics.
3）尽管如此，我们对这件事情仍然不能掉以轻心。
    Nevertheless, we should not treat the matter lightly.
（3）一系列表示时间、地点、方式的状语先后顺序的调整
1）他家住浙江杭州西湖路195号。
    He lives at 195 West LakeRoad,Hangzhou,Zhejiang.
2）敬启者：您所订的《中国日报》将于1996年5月26日满期。
    Dear Sir, Your subscription to China Daily expires on May 26, 1996.
3）他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。
    He studies hard in the classroom every morning.
3、按照逻辑顺序进行调整
1）知己知彼，百战不殆。
You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
If you know the enemy as well as yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
2）到上海不去豫圆和城隍庙商场不算来过大上海。
You cannot claim to have been to Shanghai without visiting the Yu Yuan Garden and the City God Temple Bazaar.
Those who have come to Shanghai but missed Yu Yuan Garden and the City God Temple Bazaar can not claim that they have been to the city.

4、根据信息重心进行调整
有了这一条，中国就大有希望。
Then, there will be great hopes for China.
Then, the prospects for China will be excellent. (better)

Homework for Today
    凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意与天津市工业企业通过技术转让 ，引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径共同开发国家统一经营以外的制成品，特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品，并通过外方的销售渠道直接为外国公司提供制成品，可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。

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作者: 海洋蓝    时间: 2006-5-16 06:24
能在课堂抄多少是多少，手抄的笔记总容易记忆，鼓励，支持上课抄笔记的同学！ [s:1]

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作者: 海洋蓝    时间: 2006-5-16 06:26
有用有用，让我们不是英语专业的人也有了英语专业的笔记了！ [s:2]

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-2 04:31
第十讲  汉语长句的英译
Lecture Ten Translation of Chinese Long Sentences
Translated Version to the Last
   Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined chemical products, by means of technology tranfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municiple Commission of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development.

1、长句的定义
   汉语长句是指字数较多、结构繁复、语义呈现多层次、多梯级的句子。汉语长句从其内部结构来看，可分为两种：一种是句子成分比较多，而且有的内部成分比较复杂，这种句子内容比较丰富，陈述比较细致；另一种长句是复句或多重复句，这种句子可以把事物间的逻辑关系表达出来，从而把较复杂的事物之间的关系与联系交代的很清楚、明确。
构成汉语长句的原因
其一，当一个句子包含有很多转折或附加成分时，句子信息量就会不断扩大，结果就形成了一个在语义和结构上较为复杂的句子。
其二，当一个句子要表达多层次的意思时，往往以平行、并列等结构将词组、分句线性地组合在一起，这样就构成了长句。
2、英语长句和汉语的长句在结构上的差异
   英语的长句是由基础搭架“主语+谓语”扩展开来的，其扩展方式可以是增加句子的修饰语，也可以是增加并列成 分或并列句，或者是利用成语或从句充当句子成分。另外，英语重形合，英语句子中的主谓成份是全句之纲，主谓关系非常明显，其它成分往往是通过各种连接手段（如使用介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等）同主谓成分挂钩成句。英语句子内部的语义成分既有“顺序排列”，也有“逆序排列”。
3、长句翻译的方法
[1] 断句后按原文顺序翻译

所谓断句，就是把原文的一句话译作两句或更多句子。断句后再按照原文顺序翻译。汉语句子处于下列几种情况下英语译时都是可以采用断句的方法。

1）汉语句子较长，内容庞杂。
（1）一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。
   Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated. We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be steadfast and dedicated.

（2）历来只有真正老实的劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理，才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
  Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through practical work.

（3）接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。
    He went on indulging in wishful thinking. Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him more money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money-lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.

2）汉语的总分复句
汉语的总分复句都包括总说和分述两个部分。有的句子是先总说，后分述；也有的句子是先分述，后总说。翻译成英语时通常是：对于汉语先总说后分述的句子，可以在句子的开头部分断句，即将最前面的总说或概括部分单独译成一个英语句子；先分述后总说的句子，可以在句子结尾部分断句，即将最后的总结或判断部分断开，单独译成一个英语句子。

（1）人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民头脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。
The political awakening of the people is not easy. It requires much of our effort to rid their minds of wrong ideas.


（2）灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
3) 汉语长句中若含有反问句、反诘句或感叹句，英译时往往要断句。
（1）盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上轻风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！
No matter how hot it is "outside", once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body .In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is !

（2）延安虽然还没有战争，但军队天天在前方打仗，后方也唤工作忙，文章太长，有谁来看呢？
Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yen'an , our troops at the front are daily engaged in battle, and the people in the rear are busy at work. If articles are too long ,who will read them ?
4) 汉语的转折复句
汉语句子中语气发生了变化，或改换了主句，或意思有转折，即前半句说明一方面的情况，后半句说明另一方面的情况，英译时也常常要断句。
例如
（1）我们的人民政府是真正代表人民利益的政府，是为人民服务的政府，但是它同人民群众之间也有一定的矛盾。
Our People’s Government is one that genuinely represents the people’s interests, and it is a government that serves the people. Nevertheless, there are still certain contradictions between the government and the people.

（2）为了我们的事业，我已将生死置之度外，如有不幸，就把我埋在阴山顶上，以表示一个共产主义者的崇高而圣洁的节操!（〈王若飞在狱中〉）
For the sake of our cause, I’ve never worried about life or death. If the worst happens, please bury me on top of the Daching Mountains so as show the lofty, pure moral principle of a Communist!
5) 汉语中强调语势
汉语句子中的强调语势，英译时也往往采用断句的方法。
例如：
（1）毛主席和周总理留给我们的建设社会主义现代化强国的遗愿，一定要实现，也一定能够实现。
The behest of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou that we should make China a modern, powerful socialist country must be fulfilled. It can be certainly fulfilled.

（2）让那些内外反动派在我们面前发抖吧，让他们去说我们这也不是那也不是吧，中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自己的目的。
Let the domestic and foreign reactionaries tremble before us! Let them say we are no good at this and no good at that. By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.
6) 汉语长句内若有比方句，英译时往往要断句
（1）拿我们这些人来说，很多人每年都有一些进步。
  Take for example those of us present here . Many of us make some progress each year.

（2）以农民为例，他们现在更乐于使用科学种田法，由于种植杂交水稻的面积增加，单位面积的产量也增加了。
Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has risen so that the per-mu yield has hone up considerably.
[2] 把汉语的长句译成英语的简单句
（1）这种床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式多样，舒适大方，携带方便。
The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns. They are comfortable and convenient to carry.

（2）由于这台仪器性能稳定、操作可靠维修方便，因此受到用户的好评。
This instrument has been welcomed by the customers for its stability in service, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.
[3] 区分主从
      汉语复句中往往不用关联词，分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下主要是依靠排列顺序来表示，即采用所谓的“意合法”。同时，汉语动词又没有英语动词那样的词形变化。汉语复句里接二连三出现的动词，从形式看，它们都是等立的，没有主从、偏正之分。因此，在英译时，汉语复句的处理，必须首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句之间的关系，区分开哪个分句为主，哪个分句为从，然后按照英语表达习惯，适当加以处理。一般来说，应该是：凡是为主的分句，即正句，用英语的限定动词结构来表达；从属的分句，即偏句，则可以采用英语各种非限定动词短语或介词短语来表达，或增加从属关联词或通过各种从句形式来处理。通常可以遵循以下一些规则：

1) 表示原因或条件的部分，一般应从属于表示结果的部分
（1）错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.
（2）没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。
Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed.
2) 表示方式或状态部分，一般应从属于表示行为或动作的部分
（1）全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围，朝气蓬勃，奋勇前进。
Rallying closely round the Party Central Committee, the whole people of our country are advancing with vigor and valor.
（2）这些厂子，大搞技术革新，充分利用当地资源，生产出大量的、多种多样的药品。
Going in for technological innovation and making full use of local resources, these plants now turn out a wide range of medicines in great quantities.
3) 表示方法或手段的部分，一般应从属于表示目的的部分
（1）这些错误都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。
These mistakes should be corrected by educating the cadres and peasants rather than by simply dressing them down.
（2）我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。
By using our own hand we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”.
4) 非本质的部分，一般应从属于本质的部分
所有这一切，使得中国解放区……成为配合同盟国作战、驱逐日本侵略者、解放中国人民的主要力量。
As a result, China’s liberated areas have become … the main forces driving out the Japanese aggressors and liberating the Chinese people in military co-operation with allied countries.
5) 属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语，一般应译作从属部分
（1）这个战争，在东方历史上是空前的，在世界历史上也将是伟大的，全世界人民都关心这个战争。
The people of the whole world are attentively following this war, which has no precedent in the history of the East, and which will go down as a great war in world history too.

（2）说到这里，他没有再说下去，锐利的眼光停留在汤雷海菜黄的脸上，观察他的表情。
He said nothing, but let his keen glance nest on Tang Lei’s sallow face, observing his expression.

6) 背景情况描写部分，一般应从属于结论部分
    （1）帝国主义国家对外侵略扩张，争夺世界霸权，必然走向战争。
Engaged in aggression and expansion abroad in contending for world hegemony, the imperialist countries inevitably will go to war.


（2）当时，无论干部和战士，长途跋涉，冻饿交加，体质都已相当虚弱。
In those days, always on the march, always cold and hungry, cadres and fighters alike were physically exhausted.

7) 否定或反说部分，一般应从属于肯定或正说部分
（1）国际争端应在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力威胁。
   International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use of threat or force.
        （2）必须有分析有批判地学，不能盲目地学。
   We must learn with an analytical and critical eye, not blindly.
Homework for Today
1、但是人民是最好的鉴定人，他们知道八路军新四军这时数量虽然小，质量却很高，只有它才能进行真正的人民战争，它开到抗日前线，和那里的人民相结合，其前途是无限的。


2、又比如城市青年，或者进学校，或者到农村去，或者到工厂去，或者到边疆去，总要有个安排。
3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的、规律的生活，是自我修养的物质基础。


4、 “五四”运动促成中国工人同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
5、唯物论和辩证法则要用力气，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检验，不用力气就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-2 04:33
第十一讲  汉语企业名称、标语的翻译
Lecture Eleven
Translation of Titles and Slogans of the Chinese Enterprises

1、 但是人民是最好的鉴定人，他们知道八路军新四军这时数量虽然小，质量却很高，只有它才能进行真正的人民战争，它开到抗日前线，和那里的人民相结合，其前途是无限的。


Being the best judges, the people know that despite their small number at the time, the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army were of high quality, that they alone could wage a real people’s war and that boundless prospects would open up before them once they reached the anti-Japanese fronts and joined the broad masses there.

2、又比如城市青年，或者进学校，或者到农村去，或者到工厂去，或者到边疆去，总要有个安排。
Let’s take the urban youth for example. Arrangements must be made for them in one way or another——they can go to school or work on a farm, in a factory or in a frontier area.

3、健全自己的身体，保持合理的、规律的生活，是自我修养的物质基础。
Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for self-cultivation.

4、“五四”运动促成中国工人同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
The May 4th Movement was instrumental in bringing about the combination of Marxism with Chinese workers’ movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China’s new-democratic revolution.

5、唯物论和辩证法则要用力气，它要根据客观实际，并受客观实际检验，不用力气就会滑到唯心论和形而上学方面去。
Materialism and dialectics, on the other hand, demand effort. They must be based on and submitted to the test of objective reality. Unless one makes the effort, one is liable to drift into idealism and metaphysics.
（一）企业名称的特点与翻译
  目前，中国企业的名称，大都也是以“公司”命名。企业的名称一般可以分成两大部分。
例如：
1、  天津 丽明 化妆品 // 工业公司
    A   B   C      D
Tianjin Liming Cosmetics Industrial Company
2、  香港 美丽华 酒店 // 有限公司
     A   B    C      D
Hotel Miramar Co., Ltd., Hongkong
3、  中国 东方 科学仪器 // 进出口公司
    A   B   C        D
China Oriental Scientific Instruments Imp. & Exp. Corporation
“公司”的译法
（1）从词典的释义入手
根据词典的释义，在规模上Corporation ≥ Company
在语域上Corporation ≤ Company
在语义上Corporation = Company（这是使用中造成混乱的主要原因）
（2）从用词习惯入手
  a. 从国别着手。在英国，《公司法》被称为“Company Law”，而在美国，《公司法》被称为“Corporation Law”。因此，英国公司大多数用company，而美国公司则用corporation，日本公司偏爱company，而中国人喜欢用corporation。
b. 从行规着手。
特定的企业也会有自己用词的习惯，久而久之便成了行规。最典型的是“保险公司”，无论哪里、无论规模大小，都叫“Insurance Company”。
“总公司”的译法
（1）用general  
（2）用national  
（3）将“总”字省略
用general来译“总”
1、北京建筑材料集团总公司
    Beijing Construction Material Group General Corp.
2、抚顺石油工业总公司
    Fushun General Petroleum Industry Corp.
用于厂子例子
1、上海上菱电冰箱总厂
    Shanghai Shangling Refrigerator General Factory
2、大庆石油化工总厂
    Daqing Petrochemical Industry General Factory
与外国公司名称的比较
1. America General Motors Corporation
   美国通用汽车制造公司
2. America General Electric Company
  美国通用电器公司
用national来译“总”
1、中国化工进出口总公司
China National Chemicals Import & Export Corporation
2、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation

省译“总”字
1、中国对外贸易仓储总公司
China Foreign Trade Storage Corporation
2、中国国际贸易图书总公司
China International Book Trading Corporation
3、北京对外贸易总公司
Bejing foreign Trade Corporation
4、中国石油化工总公司
China Petrochemical Corporation   
“分公司”的译法
一般用“subsidiary”或用“branch”。由于中国企业素有使用注册地址命名的习惯，因此，对于我国各级全民所有制企业，用地方名称来区别其总公司是最简捷和最普遍的做法。例如：
比较几组译文：
1.中国粮油食品进出口总公司
China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
1.陕西省粮油食品进出口公司
Shanxi Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
2.中国机械进出口总公司
China National Machinery Import & Export Corp.
2.陕西省机械进出口公司
China Sanxi Machinery Import & Export Corp.

3.中国出口商品基地建设总公司
China National Export Bases Development Corp.
3.中国出口商品基地建设湖南公司
China National Export Bases Development Hunan Corp.


4、中国华润总公司
China National Resources Corporation
4、华润贸发进出口公司
China Resources Trade & Development Co., Ltd.
4、华润（悉尼）有限公司
Sino-Resources (Australia) Co., Ltd.
4、安徽滑润进出口有限公司
CRC, Anhui Branch

(二）企业标语口号的翻译
1、标语口号翻译的通病分析
标语翻译的通病，大体可分为三类：硬译、误译和乱译。

1）由硬译引起的翻译失误
  创一流服务，迎四海嘉宾。
  原译:Welcoming our honored guests from all over the world with the first-class service.
改译：First class service to all guests.


北岭旅游度假区是您的投资宝地。
Beiling Tourist & Holiday Spending Area is a promising land for investment.
改译：Beiling Tourist & Holiday Resort is a promising land for investment.

2）由理解失误造成的误译
创优秀旅游城市，为名城争光。
Build a China Best Tourist City to win honor for our famous city.
改译：Build a Top Tourist City of China for the honor of our famous city.

弘扬体育精神，促进国际往来。
Spreading over the physical spirits and promoting international communications.
改译： Promote sportsmanship and international exchanges.

3）乱译
xx市人民争创优秀旅游城市
   The people’s of …want to be an excellent travel city
改译：Build … into a Top Tourist city of China
…市人民政府
  The Government of People’s Republic of …
2、标语口号的特点与翻译
1）  引人注意，令人难忘
XX市公安局报警中心
原译：XX City Center of Reporting to the Police
改译：Police Report Center of XX City


来我市两天，游两个名城：国家级历史文化名城，国家级风景名胜区。
Two days in our city. A visit to “two cities”, i.e. a city famous for historical culture and scenic attraction at State Level.

2）  语句铿锵，音韵感人
酒后勿驾驶。
If you drink, you can’t drive.
服务传统，以您为尊。
原译：Your satisfaction is our pride.
改译：It’s our pride you’re satisfied.
龙舟传友谊，X市奔世界。
原译：Dragon boat delivering friendship, XX City facing the outside world.
改译：Friendship through dragon boat, XX City towards the world.
3、语言冼练，扼要简明
提高生活素质，迈向美好未来。
  Better Living, Brighter Future.
  今年更多新货，价格更加优惠。
  More for less this year.

4、句法独特，简洁有力
惠康超级市场，价格始终最平。
Wellcome prices still lowest.
安全环境齐手创，各行各业乐安康。
原译：Work for a safer, healthier work place.
改译：Work for a safer place for work.

立足中华，面向世界，走向未来。
Base on China, orient to the world and aim at the future.
全面开创社会主义现代化建设的新局面。
原译：Create a new situation of the socialist modernization construction in all round way.
改译：Create a new situation, modernize in all fields.

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作者: 海洋蓝    时间: 2006-6-3 07:26
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作者: linbo    时间: 2006-6-3 17:30
[s:1] dfg

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-8 05:58
第十二讲  企业涉外合同与文书的翻译
Lecture Twelve
Translation of Enterprise Foreign Contract and Letters
A、涉外合同特点与翻译
1、涉外合同翻译条理性
合同文体最显著的特点就是条理清晰、提纲挈领、项目分明、一目了然。一般说来，并列的项目都具有同等契约效力。因此翻译时必须严格按照原文的体例布局。
合同的“第几条”有如下表示：
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3 等表示。
也有的用“第几章”，如：
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3等来表示。
条、款、项的表示方法通常如下：
条：1.        2.         3.……
款：1.1      1.2         1.3 ……
项：a.        b.          c.. ……
也有的是这样表示的：
条：1.        2.          3.……
款：a.        b.          c.……
项：i.        ii.          iii ……
2、涉外合同的规范性
   （ 1）结构与格式相对固定
较完整的涉外合同通常由四项构成：
1、 标题
2、 前文（一般包括订约时间、订约地点、订约当事人、订约缘由。）
3、 正文（一般包括定义条款、双方当事人的权利与义务、合同的效期、合同的终止、合同的转让、合同的修改、不可抗力、仲裁、适用法等。）
4、 结尾条款（一般包括合同文字效力、分数、附件等未尽事宜及双方代表签字。）
（2）措辞规范、统一
   为了避免理解上的歧义，合同中的某些术语或相关词语，在翻译时，原则上要求前后统一。合同文字，沿用已久，约定俗成，其中有许多词语都已有习惯的译法，熟悉这套词语，无疑有助于提高翻译涉外合同的效率和质量。
例如：
甲方 / 乙方
Party A / Party B
Side A / Side B
The First Party / the Second Party
The Party of the first part / the Party of the second part
丙方 / 第三方
the Third Party

当事人     
the Party
当事人一方  
one Party
双方      
both Parties
双方当事人   
the Parties
有关方      
Party concerned

买方      
the Buyer / the Vendee / the Purchaser
卖方      
the Seller / the Vendor / the Supplier
派出方 / 接受方
the Sending Party / the Receiving Party
委托人 / 代理人
the Principal / the Agent

转让方 / 受让方
the Transferer / the Transferee
出让方 / 受让方
the Licensor / the Licensee
承包方 / 建造方
the Contractor / the Builder

以下简称甲方（乙方）
hereinafter referred to as Party A (Party B)
hereinafter called Party A (Party B)
hereinafter Party A (Party B)
called Party (Party B)


鉴于        
whereas
前款        
the proceeding paragraph
证明        
witness / witnesseth
特此证明      
in witness whereof

有效        
remain valid / remain in force / remain good
生效        
come into force / take effect / become effective
无效        
become null and void

按照、依据   
in accordance with / in compliance with
具有同等法律效力
possess the same legal validity ./ be equally authentic
对……具约束力  
be binding upon
（表示金额）大写
SAY

（表示金额）整  
ONLY
以……为条件  
(be) subject to
欺瞒、失效   
expire / expiration


此外，涉外合同还常用一些副词+介词的组合词。这些词语虽“言之无物”，但酌情使用，能给人一种正式文书的持重感。

例如：
hereby: by this means
herein: in this
hereof: of , or concerning this
hereto: to this
herewith: with this
whereby: by which

1、下述签署人兹保证，供货将在日本国内制造。
The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan.
2、附寄目前可供化工产品货单一纸，请查收。
Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present.

3、涉外合同严谨性
合同属于法律性文献，明确规定当事人双方（或各方）的权利和义务，行文措辞都必须滴水不漏。如何使译文严谨，可以从以下几个方面着手：
（1）注意and / or 的运用
and / or
是一种连接并列结构的省略形式，其具体意思是“A and B + A or B”。

1、在信用证事务中，各有关方面处理的是单据，而不是与单据有关的货物、服务/或其它行为。
In credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents and not in goods, services and / or other performances to which the documents my relate.

2、上述证明书对托运人、收货人和（或）任何本提单持有人都是决定性反证。
The aforesaid certificate shall be conclusive evidence against the shipper, receiver and / or any holder of the Bill of Lading.

（2）注意时间的译法
1、装运日期不得晚于1993年3月31日，并须由“和平”轮装运。
Shipment is to be made on or before March 31, 1993, per S.S. “Peace”.
2、本报盘有效期至2005年6月30日（含30日）。
The offer remains in force till June 30, 2005 (inclusive).
（3）注意金额、数字的译法
这种型号的机器每台单价为34652日圆（大写：叁万肆仟陆佰伍拾贰日圆整）
The unit price this type of machine is 34652 Japanese yen (SAY: JP￥THIRTY FOUR THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY TWO ONLY).

（4）注意涉外合同中的某些措辞理解和翻译
   应用文体虽有平易化的趋势，但除少数体式外（如广告），总的来说，措辞简明、庄重，属于正式的书面语体，翻译时应避免使用口语体词语。所以在汉英翻译时酌情使用英语书面词语，这样往往可以起到言简意赅的效果。
合同中所使用的常见汉语文言虚词：
即：也就是；立刻、马上
兹、现、今：现在
均、皆、概：都、全
本：我们、这个
如：如果
之：的

未：没有
至：到
系：是
业已：已经
此处：这里
一味：
与否：

1）如蒙即复，不胜感激。
We should appreciate a prompt reply.
2）如订购2000套以上，我方准备特价报盘，每套9。10美圆，即给5%的回扣。
On condition that you order more than 2,000 sets, we are prepared to offer special price of US$9.10 per set, a 5% discount.

3）兹证明，英文译文和中文正本内容相符。
   This is to certify that the English translated copy attached hereto is in conformity with the Chinese original copy.
4） 现函复贵方3月25日询价，并报盘如下：
In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:


5）本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
  This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.
6） 根据双方协议条款，我们已开具了这批船货的即期汇票，通过此处中国银行转去，请见票即付。
According to the terms agreed upon, we have drawn on you at sight against shipment through Bank of China here. We would ask you to protect the draft upon presentation.


7） 中国___ 公司与___ 国__ 公司遵照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营法》及有关法律的规定，本着平等互利的原则，同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业，兹签订本合同。
In accordance with the stipulations of “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, ____ of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and ____ of ____, both agree to establish a Joint Venture Enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.
B. 涉外文书的翻译原则
1、措辞要委婉
   在翻译涉外文书时，措辞要讲究分寸，得体，避免刺激对方，即使向对方抱怨，甚至要求索赔，也要彬彬有礼。
例如：
1） 如果不给3%的折扣，我们恐怕很难成交。
I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount.
2） 你方必须按合同规定的期限将货装上“东风轮”，否则，空舱费将由你方负责。
You must deliver the goods on board the S.S. “East Wind” within the time limit as stipulated in our contract, otherwise dead freight, if any, should be borne by you.

3） 顺便奉告，我方产品在市场上独占鳌头。
We might say that our product are the very best on the market.

2、行文要严谨
    （1）离岸价条款：
a. 按合同规定卖方应在装运之前30天用电报或函件通知买方合同号码、品名、数量、价值、箱号、毛重、尺寸及何时可在发运港口交货，以便买方订舱。
b. 卖方对运货船抵达后由于未能按期将货物运交装运港口而造成的误船或滞留装运应承担责任。
c. 在货物装运之前，卖方应承担货物的全部费用和风险，而在货物装运之后，货物的全部费用则由买方承担。


Terms of Payment:
(1)  In case of FOB Terms
a. The Seller shall, 30 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the contract, advise the Buyer by cable / letter of the Contract No., commodity, quantity, value, number of package, gross weight, measurement and the date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.

b. The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage, should it happen that he has failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment on time.
c. The Seller shall bear all expenses, risks of the commodity before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle. After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle, all expenses of the commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account.

翻译涉外文书时应注意的几点：
1） 统一译名，避免歧义
“专有技术”，你一开始译为“technical know-how”再不要在中途改用其他的表达法。
2） 不厌其详，力求严谨
装货须在4月1日至5月1日期间完成。
a. Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on May 1 .
b. Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on May 1 both dates inclusive.

买卖双方同意，按下列条款由买方购进，由卖方出售下述商品，并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
3） 推敲词义，准确措辞
1、外国合营者和中国合营者
a. foreign partners and Chinese partners
b. foreign participants and Chinese participants


2、合营者的注册资本如果转让须经合营者各方同意。
a. A transfer of the registered capital belonging to any partner shall be effected with the consent of the other partner or partners.
b. The transfer of one party’s share in the registered capital shall be effected only with the consent of the other parties to the venture.

3、鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外汇存入中国银行。
a. A foreign participant shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.
b. A foreign participant shall receive encouragements for depositing in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.
Homework for Today
1、随函附寄最新目录和价目单。请注意，我方货物系自己生产，且不通过任何中间商，直接出口，故价格比其他竞争者均优惠。
2、承蒙建议承当我方代理，但因我们之间尚不十分熟悉，不如待日后做开交易，在谈此事为宜。
3、本实施细则自发布之日起施行。

4、本合同于1995年8月15日在北京签订，一式两份每份用中、英文书就，两种文本具有同等效力。
5、任何一方提前三个月用挂号信书面通知对方，或任何一方在任何时候违背本协议任何条款，无需通知，本协议即告终止。

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作者: 约会自己    时间: 2006-6-14 07:08
真是太感谢你了！
不过是不是少了第十三讲？ 貌似考试涉及很多呢  我没抄全  
抓狂ING～ [s:8]

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作者: linbo    时间: 2006-6-16 01:42
哇！~~~  好东西
以后可以逃课了！~  哈哈

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-16 05:13
第十三讲 企事业广告与广告套话的翻译
Lecture Thirteen
Translation of Enterprise and Institutional Ads
English version to the last
1、随函附寄最新目录和价目单。请注意，我方货物系自己生产，且不通过任何中间商，直接出口，故价格比其他竞争者均优惠。
Enclosed are our latest catalogs and price list. Please note that the prices are much lower than those of other competitors, because we manufacture the goods ourselves and export direct to you, not though any middlemen.

2、承蒙建议承当我方代理，但因我们之间尚不十分熟悉，不如待日后做开交易，在谈此事为宜。
We appreciate your proposal of acting as our agent. However, as we are not yet thoroughly acquainted, we think it is better to discuss the matter sometime later when some practical transactions have been done.


3、本实施细则自发布之日起施行。
    This set of detailed rules goes into effect as of the date of its promulgation.


1. 英汉语企事业广告表达风格上的差异
一般而言，英语企事业广告大多语言简洁精练，客观通俗，表达方式直截了当，就事论事，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，易于记忆。
例如：
The Firm Sinter
The objective of the firm is to satisfy the buyers with high quality service of its broad production program.
The Sinter disposes to perform these services on the highest possible level, besides 45 years of work experience also with:
·6,500 sq. meters of modernly equipped production and business premises.

25,000 sq. meters of storages for raw materials and for finished products.
·its own modernly equipped development and research laboratory.
·High professional skill of its technical and administrative personnel.
This firm Sinter was founded in 1957. In 2000 it is present, with its sales net in 14 countries of Europe and Asia already.

相对而言，汉语企事业广告文体大多形式比较单一，行文用字近似“八股”，用词颇为夸张，语言较为堆砌，四言八句口号多，篇章布局讲究起承转合。
例如：
………………………………
……。在企业通过了中国GB/T19001-ISO9001和美国AAR协会M-1003质量体系认证以及M-210产品实物认证，并荣获“国家一级企业”、“国家质量管理奖”和“全国五一劳动奖状”等一系列称号，企业连续48年盈利。
……，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风、再造新世纪辉煌、再为社会主义增光”的宏伟意愿，朝着“发展规模集团化、产品品种系列化、市场营销国际化、企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一、用户至上”的宗旨，……
2、 汉语企事业广告的翻译策略
1）辨明“虚实”，突出“信息”功能
例如：     
随着我国汽车工业的飞速发展，汽车家庭化、大众化已成事实，人车一体化的生活逐渐成为时尚，爱车养车理念已渐入人心。所以，汽车美容养护势如破竹，前景一片光明。

With the rapid development of domestic auto industry in China, it’s become a fashion for people to enjoy a life with their own cars, which, therefore, brings about a good opportunity to develop the auto beauty and maintenance service.

2）避免“八股”，注意“内外有别”
我公司95、96年分别实现产值400万美圆、500万美圆，销售收入420万美圆、550万美圆，连续两年利税超过150万美圆，成为舟山市经济效益支柱产业，自95年以来，先后被授予“岱山县城市经济功勋企业”、“舟山市经济效益支柱企业”、“浙江省供销合作社十强工业企业”、“银行信誉AAA企业”，95年在全国供销工业企业经济效益百强中排名第十八位，并被批准为“中华人民共和国海关保税厂”。

The annual output of the corporation amounted to respectively to USD 4 million in 1994 and USD 5 million in 1995, with an annual sales income each up to USD 4.2 million and USD 5.5 million. The annual profits and taxes turned in more than USD 1.5 million successively in 1994 and 1995, which entitles it to many honorable titles granted by both local and state governments. It has now become a pillar enterprise in Zhoushan City and enjoys the privilege of the “bonded factory” authorized in 1995 by China Customs Administration.
3）分清主从，理顺逻辑语义关系
快速反应，马上行动，质量第一、信誉至上是公司的宗旨。我们将以客户的需求为发展动力，为用户提供满意的产品及优质的服务。


原译：Our tenet is “Quick reflection, Immediate action, Quality first”. We will be always pursuing what you need and provide you with satisfactory products and to-notch service.
改译：Under the principle of “promptness, quality and credit”, we will offer you our products and service to your every satisfaction.
或We will offer you our products and services to your every satisfaction with promptness, quality and credit.
4）注意篇章整合，照应上下文语义
普陀山属亚热带海洋性季风气候，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒，温和湿润，四季宜人。岛上植被丰茂，种类繁多，有“海岛植物园”之称。有为引人注目的“千年樟”，树干周围有七米多，伟枝横空，苍劲挺拔，冠盖数亩，生机勃发。还有“普陀鹅耳枥”，虽貌不惊人，却属当世罕见珍木。此外，有野茶花和水仙花，特别是“普陀水仙”，为我国水仙三大名品之一。古树珍木，奇花异草，把名山普陀装点得更具迷人魅力。

原译：Mount Putuo belongs to the subtropical marine monsoon climate. It is cool in summer and warm in winter, mild and damp, and pleasing in four seasons. It is known as a “botanical garden on the sea island, for various kinds of vegetation on the island are plentiful and luxuriant. Especially the spectacular “thousand-year-old camphor tree”whose tree trunk is 7 meters in circumference, hardy and old great branches shooting into the sky, capping several mu is thriving with life.

Besides, the “Putuo Hornbean Tree”belongs to the rarely precious tree in today’s world though its appearance is not pleasing to the eye. Furthermore, precious flowers are wild camellias and narcissuses, especially for the “Putuo narcissus”which is one of the three famous ones in our country. Embellished with ancient and precious trees, and marvelous flowers and rare plants, Mount Putuo looks more beautiful than ever.（《普陀山》舟山市普陀山管理局编）

改译： Mount Putuo has long been known as a“botanical garden on the sea island”for its variety of plentiful and luxuriant vegetation, as its climate is mild and damp in all four seasons due to its location in the subtropical marine monsoon region. The spectacular“thousand-year-old camphor tree”and the rare “Putuo hornnean tree”, which are the treasures of this area, are especially eye-catching. Besides, it has wild camellias and narcissuses, and particularly the “Putuo narcissus”, which is rated as one of the three great famous narcissuses in China. Indeed, the mount is a very attractive place，charmingly decorated with old trees, exotic flowers and rare plants.
4．企业广告套话英译
A. 企业概况介绍中的套话
1、  介绍企业成立的年份，
如：创建于……年
   be set up in… / be founded in…
   有……年的历史
   to have a history of … years


2、  介绍企业的地理位置
如：本公司位于……
Located in…, this company …/ situated at …, this company…
3、  介绍企业生产某种产品具有多少年的经验
如：具有……年生产……的经验
to have (with) experience of …years in production of …
4、  介绍企业的实力
如：具有雄厚的技术力量和经济实力
with rich technical and economical resource

5、  介绍企业人力资源情况
如：现有职工……人，其中工程技术人员……人。
To have … staff members and workers, including engineering and technical personnel of…
6、  介绍企业的版图。
如：本厂占地面积为……平方米，其中建筑面积为……平方米。
This factory covers an area of …sqm., including a total floor space of …sqm.


7、  介绍企业拥有的设备情况。
如：拥有生产设备……台（套），其中引进国外先进生产线……条。
To have … sets of processing equipment and … production lines imported from aboard.
8、  介绍企业固定资产情况
如： 具有固定资产……元。
    To have (with) fixed assets of … yuan

9、  介绍企业的生产能力和产值
如： 具有每年生产……台的能力。
    With an annual output of … sets
    年总产值可达……元。
    With an annual output value of … yuan
10、  介绍企业具有多少种类的
如：具有……大类，……品种的系列产品。
To have (with) … categories and … varieties of products

11、  介绍企业的装备和管理情况
如：测试设备齐全、拥有严格的质量、生产管理系统。
  To have complete testing devices and strict quality and production management system
12、  介绍企业在开发新产品方面的努力
如：高度重视科技进步、积极吸收国际先进技术、不断开发更新产品。
To attach importance to scientific and technical improvement, actively absorb the international advanced technology, increasingly develop and upgrade its products.

B. 产品介绍中的套话
13、介绍产品的用途和适用范围
如：用于……
be used for (in, to) …./ be suitable for … / be employed for…
对……有效
to have … action against… / exert… action against…

14、介绍产品所达到的技术水平或标准
　　如：按……标准设计制造。
　　　　To be designed and manufactured according to standard(s)
      处于国内领先地位。
　　　　Be in the leading position in China
      通过省级鉴定。
　　　　Passed provincial appraisement
      居同类产品之魁首
　　　　to rank first among similar products

15、介绍产品的销售情况
　  如：产品畅销全国，并出口……等地。
　　　　The products sell well across the country and export to …
      畅销全球。
　　　　Selling well all over the world
      备有现货，交货迅速。
　　　　Stocks are always available in large quantity for prompt delivery
      行销世界
　　　　to win warm praises from customers
      深受国内外客户的青睐。
　　　　Be well received by customers at home and abroad

16、介绍企业产品规格品种的情况
  如：规格齐全
     complete range of specifications / complete in specifications
     品种齐全
     complete range of articles
     款式齐全
     various styles
     品种繁多
     wide varieties

17、介绍企业机械电子产品，常使用的套语
  如：设计新颖，工艺先进
     novel in design and advanced in technology
     使用安全，性能可靠
     safe operation and dependable performance
     结构坚固，经久耐用
     sturdy construction and durable in use
     操作方便，易于维修

体积小重量轻
     compact and light
     噪音低，耗能少
     low noise and less energy
     性能达到90年代先进水平
     with performance up to the advanced level of 1990s

18、介绍企业轻工产品如服装、食品、手工艺品等
  如：造型美观，款式新颖
     aesthetic appearance and novel design
     华丽臻美，色泽鲜艳
     beautiful and charming, bright in colour
     选料考究，手感舒服
     selected material and comfortable feel

烹制简便，口味鲜美
     convenient to cook and delicious in taste
     技艺精湛，做工讲究
     fine craftsmanship and exquisite workmanship

C. 企业与产品的信誉介绍
19、说明企业或产品获得某种荣誉称号
  如：为国家外贸出口基地，荣获国家……级企业称号。
be authorized by the government as a foreign trade base for export, and be entitled a level enterprise of the state
本企业“是……部定点生产……的专业企业，省级先进企业。
To be franchised producer of …by the ministry of … and a provincial advanced enterprise


本公司“主要产品是……部优秀产品
the major products are quality products named by the ministry of …
本产品“荣获……部最受欢迎的商品称号”
to be conferred the title of the Most Welcome Commodity by the Ministry of…
本产品“连续……年被国家审定为……级产品”
to be examined and approved as the … grade products of the country for successive …years


20、说明获奖情况
:如：本公司的产品“在……展览会上获优质产品奖”
   won the award of High Quality Product at the … Exhibition
   本产品“荣获……部科技成果奖”
   won the prize for achievements in science and technology for the Ministry of …
    荣获银质奖
   to be awarded a silver medal

21、说明获得荣誉证书情况
如：产品“获……部优秀新产品证书”
   to be awarded with the certificate of excellent new product issued by the ministry of …
  本产品“在各类展评中多次获奖，并获……颁发的出口许可证”
  won many prizes in different affairs, and obtained the export license issued by …
D. 广告结束语
22、本企业“信奉质量第一，用户至上的宗旨”
   to adhere to the motto of quality first, customer supremacy. Customers both home and abroad are welcome to hold business talks with us.
23、本企业“竭诚欢迎海内外同行加强联系”
   sincerely wish o strengthen business relationship with counterparts both at home and abroad

24、本公司“随时准备为客户体统服务”
   to be ready to provide excellent services to customers
25、本公司“欢迎洽谈订购”
   enquiries are cordially welcome
26、本公司“备有各种款式的现货，任君挑选”
   available in various designs and specifications for your selection

27、本公司“欢迎与海外客商加强合作、建立和发展贸易关系”
   Customers all over the world are welcome to establish and develop business contacts
28、本公司“备有详细目录，惠索即寄”
   Catalogues will be sent upon request.

29、本公司“欢迎批发零售”
   Wholesale and retail are welcome.
30、请勿错过机会，欢迎电话联系“
   Don’t delay! Call today!

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-16 05:13

引用第42楼约会自己于2006-06-13 23:08发表的“”:
真是太感谢你了！
不过是不是少了第十三讲？ 貌似考试涉及很多呢  我没抄全  
抓狂ING～ [s:8]

考试会涉及吗？
不会吧？

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作者: 水语清叶    时间: 2006-6-16 05:14

引用第43楼linbo于2006-06-15 17:42发表的“”:
哇！~~~  好东西
以后可以逃课了！~  哈哈

兄弟，想的还真是。。。

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作者: 小S    时间: 2006-6-16 05:31
LZ打个包传上来，好么？我们好下载啊~谢谢了~

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